Antimony in the metallurgical industry: A review of its chemistry and environmental stabilization options

Multani, Ravinder S.; Feldmann, Thomas; Demopoulos, George P.

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.06.014

Cited by 132 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…According to the values of E and lnA, the kinetic equation of the roasting reaction can be obtained as shown in Eqs. (9). Table 5.…”

Section: Kinetics Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, the main mineral for producing antimony is stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) and jamesonite (Pb 4 FeSb 6 S 14 ) [3][4][5]. The traditional method for the production of antimony is volatilization smelting followed by reduction smelting [6][7], which consists of two steps: oxidative volatilization of Sb 2 S 3 and reducing smelting of Sb 2 O 3 [8][9]. The reduction smelting is relatively mature and the main equipment is reverberatory furnace with soda addition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

Ouyang

Chen

Tian

et al. 2018

J min metall B Metall

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Currently, the commercial antimony metallurgy is mainly based on pyrometallurgical processes and oxidative volatilization of Sb 2 S 3 is an essential step. This step includes the problems of high energy consumption and low concentration of SO 2 pollution. Aiming at these problems, we present a new method of sulfur-fixing roasting of antimony sulfide. This method uses ZnO as a sulfur-fixing agent, and roasting with Sb 2 S 3 was carried out at 673 K~1073 K to produce Sb 2 O 3 and ZnS. By calculating the thermodynamics of the reactions, we can conclude that the Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG θ ) of roasting reaction is below -60 kJ/mol and the predominance areas of Sb 2 O 3 and ZnS are wide and right shifting with the temperature increase, which all indicates that this method is theoretically feasible. The reacted products between Sb 2 S 3 and ZnO indicated that the reaction began at 773 K and finished approximately at 973K. We used the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger and Coats-Redfern method to calculate the kinetics of the roasting reaction. The conclusion is as follows: The average values of apparent activation energy (E) and natural logarithmic frequency factor (lnA) calculated by Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger and Coats-Redfern were 189.72 kJ·mol -1 and 35.29 s -1 , respectively. The mechanism of this reaction was phase boundary reaction model . The kinetic equation is shown as follow, where α represents reaction fraction:

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“…According to the values of E and lnA, the kinetic equation of the roasting reaction can be obtained as shown in Eqs. (9). Table 5.…”

Section: Kinetics Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

Ouyang

Chen

Tian

et al. 2018

J min metall B Metall

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“…Table 5 Application areas for speciation trace analysis [74] Element Application area for speciation analysis Aluminum Al Aggregates [75] Antimony Sb Redox forms and organoantimony compounds in the environment [76,77] Arsenic As Redox forms and organoarsenic compounds in the environment [77] Arsenic in food products [78] Forms of arsine in air [79] Cadmium Cd Cadmium in food products [80] Chromium Cr Redox forms of chromium, Cr(VI) in the environment [81,82] Lead Pb Forms of lead compounds in the environment [83] Mercury Hg Forms of mercury compounds in the environment [84][85][86] Selenium Se Inorganic and organometallic selenium compounds in the environment [87] Thallium Tl Thallium compounds in river water [88] Tellurium Te Tellurium compounds in the environment [89] Uranium U Forms of uranium compounds in seawater [90] Zinc Zn Forms of zinc compounds in the environment and food [91] The usual analytical procedure comprises filtration (to obtain the soluble and insoluble fractions), separation from the matrix and fractionation (e.g., by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), gel permeation chromatography, anion/cation exchange chromatography, CZE, ultrafiltration, dialysis or gas chromatography in the case of volatile species). The isolated species are then determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-optical emission spectrometry, ICP-MS, MS, fluorimetry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, UV-Vis, or electrochemical methods depending on the type of analyte [74].…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the application of speciation in chemistry

Kiss

Enyedy

Jakusch

2017

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

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“…Antimony is a critical basic material, widely used in the manufacture of flame retardants, alloys, brake pads, and catalysts [1]. In 2014, the European Commission designated Sb as a critical raw material [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase and Morphology Transformations in Sulfur-Fixing and Reduction Roasting of Antimony Sulfide

Ouyang

Tang

et al. 2019

Metals

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Metallurgical extraction of antimony (Sb) currently has the limitations of high energy consumption and adverse environmental impact. In this study, we proposed a cleaning process to extract Sb by metallurgy and beneficiation based on S-fixing and reduction roasting of Sb2S3. Metallic Sb can be obtained directly by using zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon as sulfur-fixing and reducing agents, respectively, at 600–1000 °C, wherein S is fixed in the form of ZnS. The thermodynamic feasibility of the process of roasting and the effects of a range of process parameters on Sb generation were investigated comprehensively. The optimum conditions for metallic Sb generation were determined to be as follows: temperature of 800 °C, C powder size of 100–150 mesh, ZnO content of 1.1 times its stoichiometric requirement (α), and reaction time of 2 h. Under the optimum conditions, the proportion of Sb distributed in the metal phase reached 90.44% and the S-fixing rate reached 94.86%. The phase transformation of Sb progressed as follows: Sb2S3→Sb2O3→Sb. The Sb particle had mainly spherical and hexahedral morphologies after quenching and furnace cooling, and bonded little with ZnS. This research is potentially beneficial for the further design process of Sb powder and ZnS recovery by mineral separation.

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Antimony in the metallurgical industry: A review of its chemistry and environmental stabilization options

Cited by 132 publications

References 71 publications

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

Development of the application of speciation in chemistry

Phase and Morphology Transformations in Sulfur-Fixing and Reduction Roasting of Antimony Sulfide

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