Antimycoplasmal Activities of Compounds from Solanum aculeastrum and Piliostigma thonningii against Strains from the Mycoplasma mycoides Cluster

Abstract

Infections caused by Mycoplasma species belonging to the ‘mycoides cluster’ negatively affect the agricultural sector through losses in livestock productivity. These Mycoplasma strains are resistant to many conventional antibiotics due to the total lack of cell wall. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents from alternative sources such as medicinal plants to curb the resistance threat. Recent studies on extracts from Solanum aculeastrum and Piliostigma thonningii revealed interesting antimycoplasmal activities hence the motivation to investigate the antimycoplasmal activities of constituent compounds. The CH2Cl2/MeOH extracts from the berries of S. aculeastrum yielded a new β-sitosterol derivative (1) along with six known ones including; lupeol (2), two long-chain fatty alcohols namely undecyl alcohol (3) and lauryl alcohol (4); two long-chain fatty acids namely; myristic acid (5) and nervonic acid (6) as well as a glycosidic steroidal alkaloid; (25R)-3β-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-22α-N-spirosol-5-ene (7) from the MeOH extracts. A new furan diglycoside, (2,5-D-diglucopyranosyloxy-furan) (8) was also characterized from the CH2Cl2/MeOH extract of stem bark of P. thonningii. The structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with literature data. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8 isolated in sufficient yields were tested against the growth of two Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm), two M. mycoides. capri (Mmc), and one M. capricolum capricolum (Mcc) using broth dilution methods, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by serial dilution. The inhibition of Mycoplasma in vitro growth was determined by the use of both flow cytometry (FCM) and color change units (CCU) methods. Compounds 4 and 7 showed moderate activity against the growth of Mmm and Mmc but were inactive against the growth of Mcc. The lowest MIC value was 50 μg/ml for compound 7 against Mmm. The rest of the compounds showed minimal or no activity against the strains of Mycoplasma mycoides tested. This is the first report on the use of combined FCM and CCU to determine inhibition of in vitro growth of Mycoplasma mycoides. The activity of these compounds against other bacterial strains should be tested and their safety profiles determined.

Solanum aculeastrum Dunal berries: Phytochemical profiling and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract and n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions

“…The percentage yield of 430.69g of methanol whole extract of berries of S.aculeastrum Dunal was 9.57%w/w, while the yields of 19.4g of dried n-hexane fraction, 38.4g of dried DCM fraction, 6.4g of dried ethyl acetate fraction, 81.03g of dried n-butanol fraction and 21.2g of the freeze-dried aqueous fractions were 7.08%w/w, 14.03 %w/w, 2.33%w/w, 29.60%w/w and 7.74%w/w respectively (Table 2). With respect to the yield of the methanol whole extract, our result is in conformity with previous study where 1kg of ground berries of S. aculeastrum Dunal generated 94g of the extract implying a percentage yield of 9.4%, although they used 50% methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (CH2CL2) as solvents for extraction [29].…”

Caloric Restriction Promotes Immunometabolic Reprogramming Leading to Protection from Tuberculosis

“…S3. ll Article CR also imposed profound changes in the lipidome of MTB-infected mice: higher levels of palmitic, nervonic, euric, and lignoceric acids (known to negatively correlate with lung inflammation upon infection, e.g., H7N9 influenza virus) and lower level of arachidonic and palmitoleic acids (associated with inflammation) corroborated the notion of specific reduced lipid-mediated inflammatory damage in the lungs of MTB CR mice (Sun et al, 2018;Kama-Kama et al, 2017). The lipidomic data unveiled an accumulation of stearic acid and lysophosphatidylcholines, which may concur to enhance macrophage differentiation, phagosome formation, and anti-MTB function (Mosquera-Restrepo et al, 2016;Weiner et al, 2012).…”

Mechanistic insights of magnolol antimicrobial activity against Mycoplasma using untargeted metabolomic analyses

“…The unreasonable use of antibiotics in veterinary clinic leads to the emergence of AMR that poses a serious threat to human health ( Al-Khalaifa et al., 2019 ). The use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding industry has been greatly reduced with the promulgation of the order to restrict the use of antibiotics, resulting in increasing difficulties in the prevention and control of mycoplasma disease ( Kama-Kama et al., 2017 ; Nhung et al., 2017 ). Compared to M. gallisepticum , M. synoviae causing chronic respiratory disease (CRD), infectious synovitis, and eggshell apex abnormalities, which lead to serious damage to poultry industry and attracted extensive attention in recent years ( Kursa et al., 2019 ; Petrone-Garcia et al., 2020 ).…”