Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract, of Fractions and of Epicatechin Isolated from the Stem Bark of Ximenia americana L. (Oleacaceae)

Abstract

Resumo:As ações antinociceptivas e anti-inflamatórias do extrato etanólico, das frações e da epicatequina (XM-Catequina) isolada a partir dos extratos etanólicos das cascas de Ximenia americana L. foram determinadas utilizando modelos in vivo como contorções induzidas pelo ácido acético, teste de formalina, teste de placa quente, peritonite induzida por zimosan e ensaio in vitro de inibição da ciclo-oxigenase. O teste de contorção revelou efeitos inibitórios maiores que 90% do extrato etanólico, das frações e da XM-Catequina (este isolado apresentou ID50 = ,0 μ ol / kg e efeito á i o = 99,60% . O teste de for ali a demonstrou um efeito antinociceptivo nas fases inicial (64.23%) e tardia (86.80%) com a XM-catequina, enquanto a fração clorofórmica mostrou menor efeito antinociceptivo na fase inicial (31.51%). A fração aquosa e o extrato etanólico causaram uma inibição significativa na fase tardia (73.68% e 82.40%, respectivamente). O tratamento de ratos com XM-catequina ou com a fração de acetato de etila não teve efeito antinociceptivo central no teste de placa quente. Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios foram determinados para a inflamação peritoneal induzida por zimosan e os dados indicaram que a XM-catequina, a fração hidrometanólica, o extrato etanólico e a fração em acetato de etila reduziram o número de células recrutadas em 46.02%, 35.06%, 41.45% e 38.61%, respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que o extrato, as frações e a XM-catequina produzem respostas antinociceptivas e anti-inflamatórias. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de inibição da ciclooxigenase, os efeitos observados estão relacionados com a inibição de COX-1 e COX-2. As ações biológicas demonstradas no presente estudo apoiam o uso etnomedicinal desta planta.Palavras-chave: Plantas medicinais; anti-inflamatórios; corticosteroides; ciclooxigenase. AbstractThe antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of the ethanolic extract, fractions and epicatechin (XM-Catechin) isolated from the ethanoic extracts of bark of Ximenia americana L. were determined utilizing in vivo models such as acetic acid-induced writhing, the formalin test, hot plate test, zymosan-induced peritonitis and in vitro cyclooxygenase inhibition assay. The writhing test revealed inhibitory effects higher than 90% of the ethanolic extract, fractions and XM-Catechin (this isolate presented ID50 = 32.03 µmol/kg and maximum effect = 99.60%). The formalin test demonstrated an antinociceptive effect in both early (64.23%) and late (86.80%) phases by XM-catechin, while the chloroform fraction showed a lower antinociceptive effect at the early phase (31.51%). The aqueous fraction and ethanolic extract caused significant inhibition at the late phase (73.68% and 82.40%, respectively). Treatment of mice with XM-catechin or with the ethyl acetate fraction had no central antinociceptive effect in the hot plate test. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined for zymosan-induced peritoneal inflammation and the data indicated that XM-catechin, the hydromethanol fraction, the ethanol...

Synergistic anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydroethanolic extracts of Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. and Ximenia americana L.

“…This efficacy was observed between all doses of the combinations and those of the extracts alone. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract of Ximenia americana and Terminalia macroptera has been previously demonstrated by other authors, 13,25 which corroborates the results of this study.…”

In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenases, anti-denaturation and antioxidant activities of Malian medicinal plants

“…However, these extracts remained significantly less effective than the reference drug (Celecoxib, IC 50 = 2.96 ± 0.81, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively for X. americana, T. macroptera and S. senegalensis) All other extracts were largely less effective that the reference drug celecoxib (p < 0.0001) (Figure 2). These results are in accordance with previousreport from Dias et al (2018) who found that catechin from X. americana significantly inhibited COX-1 and COX-2, providing evidence that flavonoids elicit antiinflammatory activity. Furthermore, other studies have shown that the hydroethanolic extracts of X. americana, T. macroptera and S. senegalensis contain high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids (Ballo et al, 2021), suggesting that the present characterized inhibitory effects of the selected plant extracts on COX-1 and COX-2 are therefore probably due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and polyphenols in general, contained in significant levels in these extracts.…”

Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi extracts: From sunscreen activity toward protection of the placenta to Zika virus infection, new uses for a well-known medicinal plant

“…Antimicrobial and antiviral (showed inhibition against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (Musarra-Pizzo et al, 2019) Anti-oxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antitumor (Cosarcã et al, 2019) Antioxidant, UV protective, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-cancer (Bae et al, 2020) Antiviral (showed inhibition against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (You et al, 2018) Epicatechin Antiviral (showed inhibitory effect against Mayaro (MAYV) virus and other alphavirus viruses (Ferreira et al, 2018) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory (Dias et al, 2018) Antibacterial (Ezhil and Lakshmi, 2017) Antidiabetic (Ibrahim et al, 2018) Anti-infective (Song, 2017) Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, anticancer and cardioprotective (Prakash et al, 2019) Antioxidant and anticollagenase (showed a high inhibitory power against the collagenase enzyme, responsible for the degradation of matrix collagen and the photo-aging process. (Geeta et al, 2019) UV protection (Prasanth et al, 2020)…”