Antinociceptive Effect of Hinokinin and Kaurenoic Acid Isolated from Aristolochia odoratissima L.

Abstract

Aristolochia odoratissima L. is employed for the treatment of pain and as an antidote against the poison of venomous animals in traditional medicine. However, reports have not been found, to our knowledge, about the evaluation of the antinociceptive activity of extracts nor about the presence of compounds associated with this activity. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of extracts and compounds isolated from the stems of Artistolochia odoratissima L. The extracts were obtained with solvents of increasing polarity and the compounds were isolated and characterized by column chromatography, HPLC, and NMR. The antinociceptive activity was carried out by the formalin test in mice. Ethyl acetate (AoEA) and methanolic (AoM) extracts decreased the paw licking in both phases of the formalin test. The isolated compounds (kaurenoic acid and hinokinin) from AoEA showed the highest antinociceptive activity in both phases of the formalin test. These results confirmed the analgesic effect of this specie described in traditional medicine and provided a base for a novel analgesic agent. They also allowed an approach for the development of standardized plant extracts with isolated metabolites.

Rhodojaponin III-Loaded Chitosan Derivatives-Modified Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Multimodal Antinociceptive Effects in vivo

“… 43 , 46 Contrastingly, the mechanisms involved in Phase II responses were highly complex, involving inflammatory processes accompanied by spontaneous primary afferent neuronal activities as well as central alterations of pain processing. 43 , 46 Figure 8C and D show that within 15 min of administration, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin suppressed behavioral responses in phase II (the inflammatory phase) ( P < 0.01). However, this had no effects on phase I responses ( P > 0.05) as shown in the previous studies.…”

“…To investigate antinociceptive characteristics, RJ-III and RJ-III@HACC-SLNs were investigated in the formalin test. 43,46 Responses in Phase I correlated with acute neurogenic pain, which was largely due to direct stimulation of nociceptors. 43,46 Contrastingly, the mechanisms involved in Phase II responses were highly complex, involving inflammatory processes accompanied by spontaneous primary afferent neuronal activities as well as central alterations of pain processing.…”

Chitosan derivatives modified solid lipid nanoparticles prolonged Rhodojaponin-III active time and enhanced the safety and multimodal analgesic effects in vivo

“…To investigate antinociceptive characteristics, RJ-III and RJ-III@HACC-SLNs were evaluated in the formalin test [38,41]. Responses in phase I correlated with acute neurogenic pain, which was largely due to direct stimulation of nociceptors [38,41]. Contrastingly, the mechanisms involved in phase II responses were highly complex, involving in ammatory processes accompanied by spontaneous primary afferent neuronal activities as well as central alterations of pain processing [38,41].…”

“…To investigate antinociceptive characteristics, RJ-III and RJ-III@HACC-SLNs were evaluated in the formalin test [38,41]. Responses in phase I correlated with acute neurogenic pain, which was largely due to direct stimulation of nociceptors [38,41].…”

“…Responses in phase I correlated with acute neurogenic pain, which was largely due to direct stimulation of nociceptors [38,41]. Contrastingly, the mechanisms involved in phase II responses were highly complex, involving in ammatory processes accompanied by spontaneous primary afferent neuronal activities as well as central alterations of pain processing [38,41]. Figures 7C and 7D show that within 15 min of administration, the non-steroidal anti-in ammatory drug aspirin suppressed behavioral responses in phase II (the in ammatory phase) (P < 0.01), but had not effects on phase I responses (P > 0.05) as previous studies [42].…”