␣9␣10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been identified in a variety of tissues including lymphocytes and dorsal root ganglia; except in the case of the auditory system, the function of ␣9␣10 nAChRs is not known. Here we show that selective block (rather than stimulation) of ␣9␣10 nAChRs is analgesic in an animal model of nerve injury pain. In addition, blockade of this nAChR subtype reduces the number of choline acetyltransferase-positive cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes at the site of injury. Chronic neuropathic pain is estimated to affect up to 8% of the world's population; the numerous analgesic compounds currently available are largely ineffective and act through a small number of pharmacological mechanisms. Our findings not only suggest a molecular mechanism for the treatment of neuropathic pain but also demonstrate the involvement of ␣9␣10 nAChRs in the pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury.N europathic pain is a prolonged, debilitating state characterized by allodynia (pain produced by previously innocuous stimuli), hyperalgesia (an increased or exaggerated response to painful stimuli), and spontaneous pain. Neuropathic pain is often refractory to conventional pain therapeutics such as opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and, therefore, represents a large, unmet clinical need. Neuropathic pain can be triggered in a variety of ways; injury to a peripheral nerve is one of the most common causes.The involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in pain has been suggested by a number of experimental observations, and the administration of nAChR agonists reduces pain-related behaviors in several animal models (1-5). nAChRs are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels composed of ␣ (␣1-␣10) and non-␣ (1-4, , ␥, and ␦) subunits. The ␣2-␣6 and 2-4 subunits form heteromeric channels consisting of a combination of ␣ and  subunits (6). Homomeric channels can be formed by ␣7 or ␣9 subunits; the ␣10 subunit will only form functional receptors when it is expressed with the ␣9 subunit (6). Many of the nAChRs show widespread patterns of neuronal and nonneuronal distribution; ␣9 and/or ␣10 subunits have been reported within hair cells of the inner ear (7), sperm (8), dorsal root ganglion neurons (9), skin keratinocytes (10), the pars tuberalis of the pituitary (11), and lymphocytes (12). The function of ␣9␣10 nAChRs in the auditory system has been well characterized (13), but little is known regarding the function of ␣9␣10 nAChRs in other tissues. Here we demonstrate that the highly selective antagonist of ␣9␣10 nAChRs, RgIA, is analgesic and reduces migration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and acetylcholine (ACh)-producing cells into the area of nerve injury.
ResultsRgIA Is Antinociceptive. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) produced mechanical hypersensitivity within 7 days of sciatic nerve ligation (Fig. 1). Paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) were reduced from 122 Ϯ 5 g to 26 Ϯ 5 g 7 days after CCI. The i.m. administration of the ␣9␣10-selective Conus peptide, RgIA, increased...