Antinutritive and toxic components of plant defense against insects

Duffey, Sean S.; Stout, Michael J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1996)32:1<3::aid-arch2>3.0.co;2-1

Cited by 361 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…These compounds function as toxins by degrading the gut epithelium. A distinction can be made then between the activity of o-diphenols (which include procyanidins) as outright toxins and high molecular weight phenolics as "digestibility reducers" (Duffey and Stout, 1996). In a chemically complex group like the flavan-3-ols, the distinction must allow for considerable functional overlap (Butler et al, 1986;Blytt et al, 1988), but it is likely that there are multiple modes of activity that occur simultaneously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergence in Structure and Activity of Phenolic Defenses in Young Leaves of Two Co-Occurring Inga Species

Lokvam

Kursar

2005

J Chem Ecol

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Abstract-The leaves of tropical forest trees are most likely to suffer herbivore damage during the period of expansion. Herbivore selection on young leaves has given rise to a variety of leaf developmental strategies and age-specific chemical defense modes. We are studying correlations between leaf developmental types and chemical defenses in the Neotropical genus Inga. We have characterized defense metabolites in Inga goldmanii and Inga umbellifera, two species that co-occur in the lowland moist forest of Panama. These congeners have markedly different young-leaf developmental phenotypes but suffer approximately equal rates of herbivory. Bioassays of whole and fractionated leaf extracts using larvae of Heliothis virescens show that /. goldmanii chemical defenses are nearly three times more inhibitory than those of/, umbellifera. In both species, most of the inhibitory activity resides in complex mixtures of monomeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols. This group comprises >30% of young leaf dry weight in both /. goldmanii and /. umbellifera. The species' phenolic chemistry differs markedly, however, both in the structure of the monomeric units and in the distribution of polymer sizes. The differences in chemical structure have pronounced effects on their bioactivities, with /. goldmanii fiavans being twice as inhibitory to H. virescens larvae as /. umbellifera fiavans, and more than three times more efficient at protein binding. Given the extraordinarily high polyphenol concentrations that are found in the young leaves of these species, protein precipitation could be an important mechanism of growth inhibition. Nevertheless, our data show that another mode of phenolic action, possibly oxidative stress, occurs simultaneously.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergence in Structure and Activity of Phenolic Defenses in Young Leaves of Two Co-Occurring Inga Species

Lokvam

Kursar

2005

J Chem Ecol

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“…Most plants have an incredible diversity of defensive traits (Duffey and Stout 1996, Agrawal and Fishbein 2006, Gaquerel et al 2010. Hypotheses for the expression of multiple defensive v www.esajournals.org traits in a single species range from synergism or redundancy in their action, specificity of traits towards multiple attackers, to various nonadaptive explanations (Jones and Firn 1991, Berenbaum and Zangerl 1996, Agrawal 2011, Moles et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tests of the coupled expression of latex and cardenolide plant defense in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)

2014

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Abstract. The coexpression of plant resistance traits suggests the hypothesis that they may have complementary functions in defense against herbivory. To address the extent to which defensive traits are necessarily coupled in plants grown under various conditions, we focused on latex and cardenolides, two potent defenses of milkweeds. We measured defenses across ontogenetic stages, different biotic and abiotic environments, and across genetic families of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca. We first addressed the extent to which foliar cardenolides are derived from latex because latex actively flows through canals in leaves. We rinsed latex out of shredded leaves, which had no impact on foliar cardenolides, suggesting cardenolides are allocated to leaves independently of latex. Accordingly, there is potential for independent expression of the two traits. We next followed a cohort of plants from germination over three years; expression of both latex exudation and cardenolides increased annually, with the exception of a second year dip in cardenolides. Damage by monarch caterpillars induced '50% increases of both latex and cardenolides, with the former occurring rapidly within a day and the latter taking five days of herbivory; these responses were preceded by an earlier peak of the signaling hormones jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Endogenous jasmonic acid showed an instantaneous positive correlation with latex exudation and foliar cardenolides. Under drought stress, latex and cardenolide expression were reversed, with water stress suppressing latex exudation, but nearly doubling cardenolide concentrations. These drought effects were not driven by phytohormones in the expected manner, as jasmonic acid was unaffected, salicylic acid was strongly suppressed, and abscisic acid tripled in response to drought. Finally, a meta-analysis of four previously published field studies representing 85 genetic families of A. syriaca revealed no evidence for a genetic correlation between latex exudation and foliar cardenolide concentrations. The same lack of a correlation was observed across 22 populations of A. syriaca when grown in a common environment. Thus, the two most important defensive traits of milkweeds, although often coexpressed, can become uncoupled during some ontogenetic stages, under some biotic and abiotic conditions, and there is no evidence that they evolve together.

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“…The activation of plant foliar oxidases by noctuid herbivore feeding reduces nutritive quality of foliage on both foliage and fruit of tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill . Further experiments suggested that polyphenol oxidase, proteinase inhibitors, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase decreased the nutritive value of tomato foliage to noctuid larvae Felton 1991, Duffey andStout 1996). The incorporation of these enzymes into artiÞcial diets reduces developmental performance of the noctuids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Cereal Leaves to Symptomatic and Nonsymptomatic Cereal Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding

et al. 2001

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Antinutritive and toxic components of plant defense against insects

Cited by 361 publications

References 120 publications

Divergence in Structure and Activity of Phenolic Defenses in Young Leaves of Two Co-Occurring Inga Species

Divergence in Structure and Activity of Phenolic Defenses in Young Leaves of Two Co-Occurring Inga Species

Tests of the coupled expression of latex and cardenolide plant defense in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)

Oxidative Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Cereal Leaves to Symptomatic and Nonsymptomatic Cereal Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding

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