Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Profile of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Obtained by a Combined Extraction Method—Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Technology Coupled with Sonication

Abstract

Cardamom Essential oils are highly demanded because of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Nonetheless, retrieving quality extracts quickly with efficient energy savings has been challenging. Therefore, green technologies are emerging as possible alternatives. Thus, this study evaluates the yield and quality of the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) process coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of cardamom essential oil (CEO). Likewise, the antioxidant activity, chemical profile of CEO, and microstructure of seeds were analyzed. This study analyzed 13 different treatments with varying saturated steam processing temperatures (SSPT), thermal processing times (TPT), and 1 control. The results showed that CEO yield increased significantly by DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE compared to the control (22.53% vs. 15.6%). DIC 2 (165 °C, 30 s) showed the highest DPPH inhibition (79.48%) and the best Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) by the control with 0.60 uMTE/g. The GC/MS analysis showed 28 volatile constituents, withα-Terpinyl acetate, geranyl oleate, and oleic acid being the most abundant. DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE showed the best yield and chemical profile. The SEM microscopy of untreated seeds revealed collapsed structures before the oil cell layer, which reduced the extraction yield, contrary to DIC-treated seeds, with more porous structures. Therefore, combining innovative extraction methods could solve the drawbacks of traditional extraction methods.

Recent advances in the implementation of ultrasound technology for the extraction of essential oils from terrestrial plant materials: A comprehensive review

“…GC–MS analysis revealed the highest constituent, with limonene comprising 76.9 % of the oil. The recovery of EOs from the seeds of cardamom by the UAE coupled with ICPDT has been documented by Castillo et al [53] . Thirteen different conditions were applied, leading to various extraction yields.…”

“…In the cosmetics industry, EOs play a role as fragrance components in perfumes, contribute to aromatherapy in skincare, and are incorporated into various products such as lip balms, massage oils, skincare products, and hair care products. EOs' versatility makes them valuable in these sectors, adding a wide range of flavor, aroma, and therapeutic properties to products [6] , [53] . Fig.…”

Comprehensive analysis of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. fruits based on UPLC–MS/MS and GC–MS: A rapid qualitative analysis

“…Several studies have characterized the nonvolatile, volatile, and fatty oil components in plants by GC–MS and UPLC–MS/MS, accompanied by antioxidant activities of components in plants (Ali et al., 2022 ; Al‐Nemari et al., 2020 ; Castillo et al., 2023 ; Duan et al., 2022 ; Hefny Gad et al., 2021 ). A previous study demonstrated that phenolic acids, represented by chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, are the main reason for the antioxidant effect of ESF (Kim et al., 2015 ).…”

Characterization of Microbial Cellulose Generated in Fermented Moringa and Coated with Flaxseed Mucilage

“…Color was analyzed with a colorimeter based on CIE-Lab* coordinates (CIELAB; L* coordinate for luminosity, 0 for black and 100 for white; a* coordinate for green/red; b* coordinate for blue/yellow), taking measurements at three random points on each CD (n = 6) (Castillo et al, 2023).…”