Antioxidant activity and potential of <i>Caesalpinia sappan </i>aqueous extract on synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Abstract

Nowadays, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of high interest due to their particular properties and wide applications. AgNPs are used to inhibit many pathogenic including bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1-3) and fungi like Aspergillus and Candida spp. (4,5). AgNPs can be synthesized by redox reaction of silver salt as a precursor and a reducing agent from synthetic chemicals. Recently, the ecofriendly process of AgNPs production was developed using reducing agents from natural sources like plants (5), algae (6), and microorganisms (7). Caesalpinia sappan is a plant belongs to familily Leguminosae. It is wildly distributed and cultivated in Southeast Asia, Africa and the America (8). The wood of C. sappan contains several phytochemicals in alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and glycosides (9). The major active compound of C. sappan is brazilin and brazilein, an oxidized from of brazilin (10,11). Many biological activities from different parts of C. sappan have been reported such as antioxidant activity from heart woods (12), antihelmintic property from leaves (13), and antimicrobial activity from barks (14). The aim of this study was to synthesize AgNPs Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract (CE) and its potential on synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The antioxidant activity of CE was investigated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and two radical scavenging methods using 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as free radicals. Silver nitrate (AgNO 3) was used as precursor for the synthesis of AgNPs. Effects of AgNO 3 concentration, reaction temperature, and duration of reaction were investigated. The obtained AgNPs was characterized using UV-Vis and photon correlation spectrophotometers. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was studied by means of diffusion method. The results from FRAP demonstrated that CE had high reducing property of 78.7 ± 2.4 mM Fe 2+ /mg. The trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of CE determined by ABTS was 64.8 ± 4.2 µM/mg. The concentration of CE that can inhibit 50% of DPPH radicals (IC 50) was 51.2 ± 3.2 µM. These results indicated that CE possesses strong antioxidant and reducing activities. The present study also showed that CE can act as reducing agent to produce AgNPs. The concentration of AgNO 3 , reaction temperature, and reaction time play an important role on the particles size and zeta potential of the obtained AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutants was stronger than against Staphylococcus aureus.

Protective Effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. and Its Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular Organs

“…An elevation in oxidative stress and inflammation has been reported in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury ( Kumari et al, 2020 ; Younis et al, 2020 ). Therefore, the extract most likely elicits protective effects through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as previously reported ( Tewtrakul et al, 2015 ; Suwan et al, 2018 ). The property of the plant extract may support its traditional use in reducing heart problems ( Mekala and Radha, 2015 ).…”

“…Caesalpinia sappan is a medicinal plant that possesses antioxidant ( Suwan et al, 2018 ) and anti-inflammatory ( Tewtrakul et al, 2015 ) properties. It exerts protective effects on the cardiac ( Nugraheni and Saputri, 2017 ) and vascular ( Sasaki et al, 2010 ) systems.…”

Synthesis of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles (bAgNPs) Using Leaf Extract of Mirabilis jalapa and Evaluation of Anti-vibriocidal, Anti-oxidant properties and Cytotoxicity

“…Green silver nanoparticles synthesized from Cestrum nocturnum shown 29.55% of anti-oxidant activity at 100 µg/mL, (Keshari et al 2020), which is higher than our present study. Green silver nanoparticles synthesized from Caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract shown Ferric oxide antioxidant activity with 78.7 µg/mL(Suwan et al, 2018) and gAgNPs synthesized from Nothapodytes nimmoniana fruit extract studied for FRAP assay shown 214.89 µg/mL, (Mahendran and Ranjitha Kumari, 2016) and the concentration is higher than the present study.…”

The effect of Caesalpinia sappan extract on body weight and carcass weight of bucks (Cuniculus forma domestica) exposed to heat stress

“…Flavonoids are phenolic compounds that function as appetite enhancers [7]. Flavonoids play a role in the digestive process by increasing the permeability of cell walls in the intestine and increasing nutrient absorption [9,13,22].…”

“…These compounds are in the form of brazilin, chalcone and sappanin, sappan calchone which can be used as primary and secondary antioxidants [7][8][9][10]. The content of brazilin compounds in secang wood can inhibit the protein inhibitor of apoptosis survivin and is involved in the activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, so that it can treat cancer [11][12][13]. Secang contains phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, which have antioxidants as free radical scavengers [14].…”