Antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase activity, and lipstick pigments of Oryza sativa Linn. and Carissa carandas Linn. extracts

Abstract

The accumulation of heavy metals can cause melasma (Granstein and Sober, 1981) and several acute and chronic toxic effects, such as gastrointestinal and kidney dysfunction, nervous system disorders, skin lesions, vascular damage, immune system dysfunction, birth defects, and cancer (Balali-Mood et al., 2021).Many researchers have introduced the application of natural extracts as ingredients in lipstick products to counteract the side effects of chemical pigments, such as cinnamon bark powder, turmeric powder, beetroot powder, pomegranate juice, carrot juice, tomato juice, Clitoria ternatea, and Pandanus amaryllifolius (Azwanida et al., 2015;Rasheed et al., 2020).Oryza sativa Linn. (red jasmine rice) and Carissa carandas Linn. are widely found in Thailand, and are eaten as local foods (Fig. 1). The extract of C. carandas Linn. had the ability of antioxidant activities at 80.75% ± 0.02% in the in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydradzyl (DPPH) assay. In addition, the 100% ethanol extract had anti-tyrosinase activity at 71.84% ± 0.00% (Khunchalee and Charoenboon, 2019).A previous study found that jasmine rice had antioxidant activities (the half maximal inhibitory concentration: IC 50 ) at 314.51 µg/ml in ABTS assay, 145.67 µg/ml in DPPH assay, and 21.26 ± 0.21 µM Fe (II)/µg in FRAP assay (Widowati et al., 2016). Moreover, the extract of rice berries, which was germinated, could inhibit melanin synthesis (Sangsila et al., 2018), indicating the potential of rice extracts in cosmetic applications for skin brightening and rejuvenation. However, the report of the anti-tyrosinase activity of red jasmine rice has not been found.