Antioxidant Activity, HPTLC Fingerprint and Discriminant Analysis of Plantago major Leaves from Diverse Origins in Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction: Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial herb having contribution to the folk medicine all around the world, including Indonesia with wide geographical distribution. Plant materials origin is one factor that significantly influences the quality of herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In this paper, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method using pattern-oriented approach has been employed to evaluate the quality of Plantago major leaves collected from seven origins in Indonesia. To differentiate the antioxidant capacities of those plant materials, the crude extracts were tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolics, and total flavonoids assay methods. Results: The results showed that radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids of plant material from seven origins were significantly different. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate the leaves samples from various origins as well as detect chemicals responsible for discrimination. Two models using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) were built in chemometrics test. The PCA model was able to describe the studied samples by using four principal components with a value of explained variance of 95%, whereas PLS-DA model accurately classified the leaves samples with prediction ability of 100%. In the PCA, loading plot of the first PC showed that peaks number 10 and 12 are the most important peaks for clustering of the samples. Conclusions: Plantago major collected from different origins revealed different radical scavenging activity and concentration of total phenolics as well as total flavonoids. HPTLC fingerprints coupled with chemometrics analysis can be used as an alternative to marker-oriented method for the quality control of Plantago major.

Chemometric‐based drug discovery approaches from natural origins using hyphenated chromatographic techniques

“…43,44 Chemometric methods could be applied as appropriate tools for every step of natural products biochemomteric research, including experiment design, data pre-processing, metabolite identification, variable selection, and modeling, 45 that offers an efficient route to meaningful interpretation of results in biochemometric. 35 Particularly, biochemometric has been reported for the detection of active agents with different bio-and chemical-activities, for example, antioxidant, [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] cytotoxic, 27,[55][56][57] and anti-inflammatory effects, [58][59][60][61] in addition to α-amylase and α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitions, 57,[62][63][64][65][66] and vasorelaxant, 67 anthelmintic, 68 antidiabetic, 69 and phytotoxic 70 properties. List of published articles on biological activities using metabolomics as well as chemometric tools is presented in Tables 1-3.…”

“…This method was thus proposed as an alternative to the marker-oriented method for controlling the quality of P. major. 52 The ability of certain fungal endophytes to alter the chemical diversity of their host plant was assessed in a study using 33 strains of endophytes fungi isolated from Euphorbia myrsinites L. and Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. The metabolite profiles of the fungus samples were evaluated using HPTLC.…”

“…Particularly, biochemometric has been reported for the detection of active agents with different bio‐ and chemical‐activities, for example, antioxidant, 46–54 cytotoxic, 27,55–57 and anti‐inflammatory effects, 58–61 in addition to α ‐amylase and α ‐glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitions, 57,62–66 and vasorelaxant, 67 anthelmintic, 68 antidiabetic, 69 and phytotoxic 70 properties. List of published articles on biological activities using metabolomics as well as chemometric tools is presented in Tables 1–3.…”

Optimization of stirring-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from purple roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces as pharmaceutical and food colorants

“…Free-radical scavenging method using DPPH was employed to screen the antioxidant activity of the derived extracts [20,21], with ascorbic acids as the reference compounds. The extract and the reference compound were each diluted until 5X concentrations.…”

Identification of Phyllanthus niruri by FTIR Spectroscopy with Chemometrics

“…Previous studies have shown that the levels of active compounds in a plant can vary according to the cultivation area, such as its temperature, humidity, rainfall, altitude, and others (Kartini et al, 2019;Pisano et al, 2015;Yudthavorasit et al, 2014). These variations cause inconsistency in the quality and efficacy of herbal products.…”