Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

(1) Background: high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that play an important role in preventing the development of atherosclerotic lesions and possibly also diabetes. In turn, both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are susceptible to having deleterious effects on these HDL functions. The objectives of the present review are to expound upon the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of HDLs in both diabetes in the setting of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and discuss the contributions of these HDL functions to the onset of diabetes. (2) Methods: this narrative review is based on the literature available from the PubMed database. (3) Results: several antioxidant functions of HDLs, such as paraoxonase-1 activity, are compromised in T2D, thereby facilitating the pro-atherogenic effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. In addition, HDLs exhibit diminished ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways in the vessels of individuals with T2D. Although the literature is less extensive, recent evidence suggests defective antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles in T1D. Lastly, substantial evidence indicates that HDLs play a role in the onset of diabetes by modulating glucose metabolism. (4) Conclusions and perspectives: impaired HDL antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions present intriguing targets for mitigating cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes. Further investigations are needed to clarify the influence of glycaemic control and nephropathy on HDL functionality in patients with T1D. Furthermore, exploring the effects on HDL functionality of novel antidiabetic drugs used in the management of T2D may provide intriguing insights for future research.

Oral Supplementation of Ozonated Sunflower Oil Augments Plasma Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Abilities with Enhancement of High-Density Lipoproteins Functionality in Rats

“…HDL has a pleiotropic function [47,48], including antioxidant [49] and antiinflammatory [50] properties, and is well associated with cardiovascular health [51]; though, HDL involvement in various healthy and pathological conditions is also well described [52,53]. The present study outcome revealed a substantial effect of OSO consumption on enhancement of blood antioxidant ability and HDL functionality.…”

Association Between Monocyte-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio and Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Population

“… 15 , 18 , 32 On the other hand, HDL-C serves a crucial anti-inflammatory role. 52 A decline in HDL-C concentrations heightens the inflammatory status within the body. In essence, the association between prediabetes and MHR likely stems from inflammation, which reinforces the potential value of MHR in prediabetes, particularly in assessing the risks associated with inflammation.…”

Low High-Density Lipoprotein Level Associated With Enhanced Inflammatory Response and One-Year Persistence of Long Covid in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

“…Our findings prompt further exploration into the potential mechanisms underlying the association between low HDL levels and heightened inflammation. HDL is known for its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties and its role in cholesterol efflux, which is the process of removing excess cholesterol from cells, including immune cells [19,20]. In the context of long COVID persistent low HDL levels may lead to a dysregulated immune response, resulting in an amplified and prolonged inflammatory state.…”

“…This is because HDL modulates the function of immune cells and inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [17,20]. When HDL levels are low, cholesterol can build up within immune cells, potentially triggering inflammatory pathways and contributing to an exaggerated inflammatory response [19]. This dysregulation may be particularly pronounced in long COVID, where the immune system is dealing with persistent viral effects.…”