Antioxidant and Anti-Tumor Effects of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E

Abstract

Oxidative stress, a condition characterized by an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules and antioxidant defense systems, is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to cancer development. This is because the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative stress can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids to facilitate mutations and other cellular changes that promote cancer growth. Antioxidant supplementation is a potential strategy for decreasing cancer incidence; by reducing oxidative stress, DNA damage and other deleterious cellular changes may be attenuated. Several clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the role of antioxidant supplements in cancer prevention. Some studies have found that antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. On the other hand, some studies posit an increased risk of cancer with antioxidant supplement use. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress in cancer formation, as well as the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation in cancer prevention. Additionally, we will discuss both preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the potentials and limitations of preventive antioxidant strategies.

Xylopia aethiopica Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Hepatorenal Damage in Testosterone Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats

“…33 It has been widely reported that some antioxidants such as vitamin A, E, and C found also in XAE play key roles in the prevention of BPH by ameliorating oxidative stress, which otherwise results in DNA damage and increases the risk of mutation and malignant transformation. 34…”

Insights into Health-Promoting Components in Cheese beyond Bioactive Peptides

“…Vitamins can act as a chain-breakers and prevent the peroxyl radicals, thus preventing cellular damage. Vitamin C interacts with glutathione and reduces ROS or prevents the lipidic peroxidation. − …”

“…ROS production may damage proteins and cause aberrant activity of the MAPK, principally extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) which interact with ROS. Hence, the production of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione s -transferase, and superoxide dismutase may neutralize the ROS and protect against the initial stages of carcinogens. − Furthermore, vitamins decrease the proinflammatory cytokines and ROS. Vitamins can act as a chain-breakers and prevent the peroxyl radicals, thus preventing cellular damage.…”

Recent advances and future directions in etiopathogenesis and mechanisms of reactive oxygen species in cancer treatment

“…The consumption of naturally occurring antioxidant-rich foods has been suggested as one of the best strategies to ward off cancer. It has been discovered that many nutrients, including vitamins A, C, D, and E, choline (the richest dietary sources of choline are meat, fish, dairy, and eggs) and theanine, have potent antioxidant properties that inhibit the growth of cancer stem cells and tumorigenesis in a variety of tumour types, including breast, lung, brain, and others [ 24 ]. Vitamin A can mix with peroxyl radicals and function as a chain-breaking antioxidant before the peroxyl radicals can interact with lipids and produce hydroperoxides, avoiding cellular damage [ 22 ].…”

“…Vitamin A can mix with peroxyl radicals and function as a chain-breaking antioxidant before the peroxyl radicals can interact with lipids and produce hydroperoxides, avoiding cellular damage [ 22 ]. Supplemental 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D) has been shown to lower breast and colorectal cancer death rates while having the reverse impact on prostate cancer [ 24 , 25 ]. Additionally, it has been shown that enhanced absorption of DHA, an oxidised version of vitamin C, showed preferential death of colorectal cancer cells with KRAS or BRAF mutations through the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) pathway [ 26 ].…”