“…However, eliminating antibiotics from the animal diet reflected poorly on growth enhancement, FCR, and feed efficiency ( Puvača et al, 2019a ; Reda et al, 2020 ; Sheiha et al, 2020 ; Reda et al, 2021a ). Therefore, the use of natural compounds, such as probiotics ( Abd El‐Hack et al, 2020a ; Alagawany et al, 2021a ; El-Saadony et al, 2021a ), prebiotics ( Yaqoob et al, 2021 ; Abd El-Hack et al, 2022 ), essential oils ( Alagawany et al, 2021b ; El-Tarabily et al, 2021 ), herbal extracts ( Abou-Kassem et al, 2021 ; Saad et al, 2021a ), amino acids ( Abou-Kassem et al, 2021 ), green synthesized nanoparticles ( Abd El-Ghany et al, 2021 ; El-Saadony et al, 2021b , c , d ), bioactive peptides ( El-Saadony et al, 2021e , f ), safe, natural pigments ( Abdelnour et al, 2020a , b ; Ashour et al, 2021 ), bioactive medicinal plants ( El-Saadony et al., 2022 ), plant products ( El-Shall et al, 2022 ), and phytogenic compounds ( Abd El-Hack et al, 2020b ; Abd El‐Hack et al, 2021b ; Abdel-Moneim et al., 2022 ), for growth promotion and pathogen resistance became a trend and an alternative to antibiotics ( Simon et al, 2005 ; Stanaćev et al, 2011 ; Puvača et al, 2013 ; Alagawany et al, 2021c ).…”