Antioxidant, Anti-acetylcholinesterase and Composition of Biochemical Components of Russian Deer Velvet Antler Extracts

Abstract

Russian deer velvet antlers were divided into three parts and subjected to a extraction process using hot water at 100, 110, and 120 o C or an extraction with 70% ethanol. Each extract was analyzed for its biochemical components, including uronic acid, sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sulfated-GAGs), and sialic acid, and the antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were investigated. Different levels of uronic acid and sulfated-GAGs were observed in the extracts according to the water temperature used for the extraction, and contents decreased with increasing extraction temperature. The upper layer of each extract showed high amounts of uronic acid and sulfated-GAGs, followed by the middle and base layers. Ethanol extraction was more effective for recovering uronic acid than sulfated-GAGs. Sialic acid content was the highest in the 110 o C extracts but was not observed in the ethanol extracts. Velvet antler extracts showed strong antioxidant activities against DPPH and hydrogen peroxide as well as strong reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. However, the antioxidant activities were different in each layer and according to the extraction method. Additionally, velvet antler extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that velvet antler extracts are useful as a functional food ingredient and/or a pharmaceutical.

First Evaluation of the Biologically Active Substances and Antioxidant Potential of Regrowth Velvet Antler by means of Multiple Biochemical Assays

“…Therefore, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide can decrease prooxidants' levels. Our analysis of H 2 O 2 scavenging by velvet antler produced results similar to those reported by Je et al [30]. Hydroxyl radicals are extremely reactive and easily react with amino acids, DNA, and membrane components.…”

“…DPPH is a stable radical that accepts an electron and/or hydrogen radical from donor molecules to form a stable diamagnetic molecule. Therefore, the extracts of velvet antler may have provided an electron and/or hydrogen radical to neutralize DPPH [30]. In a report by Lee and Chung [31], the DPPH radical scavenging Figure 6: The effect of RVA on ORAC.…”

Comparisons of Chemical Composition, Flavor and Bioactive Substances between Korean and Imported Velvet Antler Extracts

“…In Korea, the VA is considered as one of the most famous Korean traditional medicine in which deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and elk are the most commonly farmed animal species for the VA exploitation ( Lee et al, 2007 ). However, due to the increasing demand and insufficient production in the country, a significant amount of the VAs must be imported from other countries such as Russia and New Zealand ( Je et al, 2011 ). According to the Deer New Zealand Industry (2018), approximately 725 tons of deer VA were produced and about 200 tones were exported to health food companies in Korea.…”

“…To date, some studies have been conducted to determine the antioxidant activity and chemical compositions in the New Zealand velvet antler (NZVA; Je et al, 2010 ) and RVA ( Je et al., 2011 ), and bioactive compounds in Chinese VA extract ( Zhang et al, 2019 ). However, it still remains unknown whether there are some differences existing in biological activity, chemical composition, flavor and bioactive compounds between the Korean and the imported VA products.…”

Establishment and Selection of Indicator Materials for Cervi Parvum Cornu Pharmacopuncture

“…Minerals, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins [37], fatty acids [38], and various polysaccharides are also present.…”