Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Azolla pinnata Ethanolic Extract against Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Abstract

The current study investigated the protective potential of Azolla pinnate ethanolic extract (APE) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 10). The control group was orally administrated with saline. The second group received lead acetate (100 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally for 60 days). The third group was fed with APE (10 mg/kg BW orally for 60 days). The fourth group was administrated with lead acetate like the second group and APE like the third group, concomitantly, for 60 days. The fifth group was administrated with APE like the third group for 30 days, then orally administrated with the lead acetate like the second group for another 30 days. The sixth group was administrated with lead acetate like the second group for 30 days, then with APE like the third group for a further 30 days. Phytochemical analysis of APE indicated the presence of peonidin 3-O-glucoside cation, vitexin, rutin, thiamine, choline, tamarixetin, hyperoside, astragalin, and quercetin. The latter has been elucidated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). Lead acetate increased the serum levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and that of urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 1β, hepatic tissue malondialdehyde contents, and caspase 3 protein expression, as well as altering the hepatic tissue architecture. However, it decreased the serum levels of interleukin 10 and glutathione (GSH) contents, and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in hepatic tissue. In contrast, the administration of APE ameliorated the lead-induced alterations in liver function and structure, exemplifying the benefits of Azolla’s phytochemical contents. Collectively, A. pinnate extract is a protective and curative agent against lead-induced hepatotoxicity via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic impacts.

Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water

“…Most of the species have patents related to production, agroalimentary systems, herbal extracts, or the control of UFO species. Species such as Azolla pinnata , [ 140 , 150 , 151 ], A. pinnata , P. stratoes [ 152 ], S. polyrhiza [ 153 ], and Phragmites australis [ 154 , 155 , 156 ] have been registered as phytoremediators of various pollutants, and have many other usages, such as insecticides [ 157 ], low-cost supplemental food for aquaculture [ 158 ], and medical applications, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic [ 159 ] and bioactive constituents in the extracts [ 160 , 161 ].…”

Preventive Effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum SCHY34 on Lead Acetate-Induced Neurological Damage in SD Rats

“…Children are more sensitive to the toxicity of lead than adults, and the nervous system is the most sensitive organ. Lead mainly affects the peripheral nervous system of adults and the central nervous system of children, especially the central nervous system of developing children ( 3 ). Current research shows that the direct mechanism of lead poisoning to the nervous system is mainly about: 1.…”

The Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus Fermentum SCHY34 Isolated from Traditional Fermented Yak Yogurt on Lead Acetate-Induced Neurological Damage in SD Rats

“…Lead mainly affects the peripheral nervous system of adults and the central nervous system of children, especially the central nervous system of developing children. [4] Lead has a strong neural affinity. A child's blood-brain barrier is not well developed, the central nervous system is relatively fragile, and it has higher permeability to lead.…”

“…[11] Free radicals cannot be excreted through metabolism and cause oxidative damage, and the organism cannot repair itself before oxidative damage occurs, leading to metabolic imbalance. [4] The body contains active antioxidant substances such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione superoxide dismutase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), which can effectively antagonize the oxidative damage caused by the production of free radicals in the organism. Lead can reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the cell, inhibit the activity of sulfhydryldependent enzymes, reduce the defense of the plasma membrane against ROS, increase the lipid peroxidation of neuronal cells, and reduce active of glutathione (GSH) and SOD.…”