Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Potential of Extracts Containing Phenols, Chlorophyll and Carotenoids from Mexican Wild Populations of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst

Abstract

Some of the species of the genus Bacopa have been used in Pharmacopoeia worldwide. However, in Mexico, Bacopa monnieri has neither been extensively cultivated nor studied, nor has their use in traditional medicine been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the taxonomic verification of the four wild populations of B. monnieri, the chemical content of their pigments and phenols and to provide an analysis of their potential bioactivity. B. monnieri wild populations from Mexico were validated using molecular markers. Chromatographic profiling using HPLC-PDA revealed 21 compounds comprising 12 chlorophylls and nine carotenoids; of the latter, the major ones were lutein (0.921 ± 0.031 μg/mg of dry extract) and β-carotene (0.095 ± 0.003 μg/mg of dry extract). The total phenolic content, determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, ranged from 54.8 ± 5.8 to 70.3 ± 2.2 µg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg. Plant extracts scavenged from the free radical DPPH in IC50 ranged from 130.6 ± 3.0 to 249.9 ± 12.1 µg dry extract/mL. In terms of the anti-inflammatory potential, the most effective extract was from a soil-based plant from Jalisco (BS), reduced from nitric oxide in a RAW 264.7 culture medium, with an IC50 value of 134 µg of dry extract/mL. The BS extract showed a significant neutral lipid-reducing activity in the zebrafish model, ranging from 3.13 μg/mL p < 0.05 to 100 μg/mL p < 0.0001. Overall, the extracts analyzed here for the first time seem promising for future use because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity potential.

Exploring the excellence of commercial Brahmi products from Thai online markets: Unraveling phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties and DNA damage protection

“…In this study, TPC varied significantly among the Brahmi product samples (ranging from 4.25 ± 0.16 to 10.94 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g product powder), while the P6 sample had significantly higher TPC (10.94 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g product powder) than the other six products. These findings were supported by observations that bacopa extract contained high TPC at 5.67–9.44 mg GAE/g plant [ 36 ], 54.8–70.3 μg GAE/mg extract [ 37 ], and 55.0 μg GAE/mg extract [ 13 ]. Reasons for the variations in antioxidant activities across disparate Brahmi product brands could be due to diverse accumulation of TPC, TFC and saponin contents [ 36 ] in raw plant materials from different genotypes of Bacopa monnieri [ 18 , 25 ] or plants harvested under different cultivation practices and environmental conditions [ 20 , 21 ].…”

“…This observed effectiveness could potentially be attributed to the influence of other unexplored compounds not assessed in this study, such as carotenoids [ 56 ], phytosterols [ 57 ], and alkaloids [ 58 ]. Notably, these compounds have been previously identified in Brahmi [ [59] , [60] , [61] ].…”

Analysis of Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Against Clinical Pathogen

“…The Proteus mirabilis was also highly inhibited by methanolic extract than the ethanolic extract of B. monnieri 38 .Alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, protein, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were qualitatively determined from B.monnieri. Among the phytochemicals, the protein and tannins are high 39, and the Mexican B. monnieri had been lipid, and chlorophyll and carotenoids were reported 40 .Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the most activity, followed by aqueous, benzene, and petrol extracts. The phytochemical examination revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins 41 .…”

Investigating the Neuroprotective and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Bacopa monnieri: A Systematic Review Focused on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis

“…The scavenging activity of BM extracts against the free radical DPPH exhibited IC 50 values ranging from 130.6 ± 3.0 to 249.9 ± 12.1 mcg of dry extract per milliliter. Furthermore, the most effective anti-inflammatory extract was from a soil-based plant from Jalisco, reduced from nitric oxide in a RAW 264.7 culture medium, with an IC 50 value of 134 mcg of dry extract/mL [129].…”