Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities of Bitter Gourd Fruit Extracts at Three Different Cultivation Stages

Abstract

In this study, we are presenting the effect of three ripening stages of air-dried bitter gourd fruit extracts on phenolic acid composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. The results showed mature bitter gourd fruit extract in 100% methanol showing 78% DPPHº scavenging activity. Immature dried fruit extract in 80% and 100% methanol showed promising antibacterial activities, i.e., >18.5 ± 0.21 mm zone-of-inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, while mature dried fruit extract in 80% methanol showed 18.4 ± 0.17 mm zone-of-inhibition against Escherichia coli. Anticancer activity results of 100% methanol extracts of ripened fruit possess showed 6.72 ± 1.81 and 3.55 ± 0.51 mg/mL IC50 values with HeLa and MDBK cancer cell lines, respectively. The overall results indicate that the immature and ripen fruits of BG could be extracted in pure methanol as an antibacterial and anticancer phytomedicine.

Comparison of antioxidant capacities and antioxidant components of commercial bitter melon (Momordicacharantia L.) products

“…The membranes of the seeds of ripe fruits are a good source of lycopene [7][8][9]. Leaves and unripe fruits of the plant, rich in vitamins and minerals, are consumed as vegetables Since the taste of ripe fruits is bitter, the unripe form is preferred when consumed as vegetables [10][11]. Unripe fruits, ripe fruits or preparations made from whole plants and teas prepared from leaves are used for treatment or health protection.…”

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia L. and Morinda lucida Benth extracts from Benin

“…The antimicrobial activity observed with these plants is attributed to their chemical composition. In addition, other authors like Naqvi et al (2020) showed promising antibacterial activities, >18.5 ± 0.21 mm zone-of-inhibition against S. aureus, and 18.4 ± 0.17 mm zone-of-inhibition against Escherichia coli with methanol extract of M. charantia. Ale (2020) reported that the aqueous extracts of different parts of M. lucida were found to be effective against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa.…”

Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles

“…The TPC and TFC assays were conducted to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content present in the BG extracts. While using gallic acid and quercetin as the reference [ 47 ], Figure 7 a indicates that both the aqueous and ethanolic BG extracts possessed different degrees of phenolic and flavonoid contents. We noticed that A-BGE had a higher phenolic content of 10.2 mg GAE/g compared to E-BGE (7.7 GAE/g).…”

“…The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity of different BG-AgNPs was performed by measuring the reducing potential of antioxidants on reaction with a colorless ferric tripyridyltriazine [Fe 3+ -TPTZ] complex to produce blue-colored ferrous tripyridyltriazine [Fe 2+ -TPTZ]. Since the increase in absorbance at 593 nm was proportional to the reducing ability of the tested sample [ 47 ], ascorbic acid was used as a standard solution in this assay. Figure 7 c shows that the A-BG-AgNPs provided a better reducing power of antioxidants than the E-BG-AgNPs at different tested nanoparticle concentrations.…”