Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)

Abstract

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S. were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols (lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound (free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular, thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications

“…The data here reported are in accordance with those reported in literature for ethanol-extracted corn kernel oil and co-products of corn bioethanol production [14,39,40].…”

Supplementing the Diet of Dairy Goats with Dried Orange Pulp throughout Lactation: II Effect on Milk Fatty Acids Profile, Phenolic Compounds, Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Antioxidant Capacity

“…A sample of diets (hay and concentrates) at each lactation stage was prepared for analysis by mixing equal amounts of subsamples collected throughout the lactation and storing them at 4 • C. Before analysis, the samples were dried and ground using a Wiley mill with a 1-mm screen. This sampling approach was previously described by Guzmán et al [21], with AOAC [23] methods being used to determine the dry matter, ash, N content, and ether extract; the analyses of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were conducted according to Van Soest et al [24], the gross energy (GE) content being determined using an adiabatic calorimeter, according to the manufacturer's instructions, the forage unit for lactation (UFL) and protein digestible in the small intestine (PDI) being calculated using the Feed Ration Balancer software, the TAC being analyzed by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) assay as described by Shin et al [25], the TPC content being estimated according to the procedure described by Seiquer et al [26], with some modifications, and, finally, the methods described by Delgado-Pertíñez et al [27] and Gutiérrez-Peña et al [28] being used to determine the FA profile and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) content. The details for the analyses of TAC, TPC, FA, and vitamin E in feed samples can be found in the work of Guzmán et al [21].…”

Using dried orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats: effects on milk yield and composition and blood parameters of dams and growth performance and carcass quality of kids

“…Sugar, starch, the forage unit for lactation (UFL) and protein digestible in the small intestine (PDI) were calculated using Feed Ration Balancer software. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analysed by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl) assay as described by Shin et al (2018). The water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox was used as a standard for antioxidant capacity, and TAC was expressed as mmol Trolox equivalents/kg of sample.…”