Antioxidant-Like Effects and Protective Action of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression Caused by Olfactory Bulbectomy

Abstract

We studied the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS, 60 Hz and 0.7 mT for 4 h/day for 14 days) on oxidative and cell damage caused by olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in Wistar rats. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and caspase-3 were enhanced by OBX, whereas it prompted a reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities. The treatment with TMS reverted towards normality the biomarkers indicative of oxidative stress and apoptosis. In conclusion, our data show that TMS induced a protection against cell and oxidative damage induced by OBX, as well as they support the hypothesis that oxidative stress may play an important role in depression.

Type 4 phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitor, rolipram rescues behavioral deficits in olfactory bulbectomy models of depression: Involvement of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, cAMP signaling aspects and antioxidant defense system

“…Moreover, OBX rats also showed a nitrosative stress as evidenced by the elevated brain nitrite level. The result of our study is in accordance with previous studies, in which OBX rats showed an elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress as compared to sham control rats (Tasset et al, 2010). Additionally, in clinical studies depressive patients were found to have high plasma and serum level of nitrite and MDA (a byproduct of lipid peroxidation) as compared to control subjects (Khanzode et al, 2003).…”

“…High antioxidant enzyme activity plays an important role in the neuronal survival and protection against neuro-degeneration. Ablation of olfactory bulb results in the depletion of the antioxidant level, as evidenced by lower antioxidant enzyme activities (Tasset et al, 2010). The results show a marked reduction in GSH, SOD and CAT levels in the brain of OBX rats.…”

Oxidative stress as an etiological factor and a potential treatment target of psychiatric disorders. Part 2. Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and autism

“…Animal studies indicate a general downregulation of antioxidant defense leading to tissue damage of different kinds (Table 1). Lipid [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] and protein [40,41,43,51,52,58] peroxidation was raised in several preclinical models of depression, while chronic restraint stress was accompanied by DNA damage [59] (Table 1).…”

“…Based on the animal models of depression, it was shown that the concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants: GSH [44][45][46][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]60], vitamin A, C and E [42,45,58] was reduced. As for the enzymes, the activity of GSH-Px [45,46,[54][55][56][57], GSH-R [44,52] and GSH-S-transferase [52] was found to be decreased. A reduction of the TAC was seen in the cerebellum and nucleus accumbens in the bulbectomized rats, while an increase of this parameter was observed in the prefrontal cortex [61].…”

Neurochemical and Behavioural Changes in Rat Models of Depression

“…98 It has been proposed that oxidative stress is associated with neuronal death and depression. 99,100 Newer research shows that transcranial magnetic stimulation protects cells from oxidative processes in OBX rats and serves as a possible method of antidepressant treatment. One of the possible explanations of depression is insufficient production of neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF) in depressed individuals.…”