Antioxidant Minerals Modified the Association between Iron and Type 2 Diabetes in a Chinese Population

Abstract

Inconsistent findings exist regarding the relationship between heme iron intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among Western and Eastern populations. Easterners tend to consume a plant-based diet which is abundant in antioxidant minerals. To examine the hypothesis that antioxidant mineral may modify the relationship between iron and T2D, we performed a case–control study by measuring the serum mineral levels in 2198 Chinese subjects. A total of 2113 T2D patients and 2458 controls were invited; 502 T2D patients and 1696 controls were finally analyzed. In the total population, high serum iron showed a positive association with T2D odds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27 [1.04, 1.55]); high magnesium (OR = 0.18 [0.14, 0.22]), copper (OR = 0.27 [0.21, 0.33]), zinc (OR = 0.37 [0.30, 0.46]), chromium (OR = 0.61 [0.50, 0.74]), or selenium concentrations (OR = 0.39 [0.31, 0.48]) were inversely associated with T2D odds. In contrast, in individuals with higher magnesium (>2673.2 µg/dL), zinc (>136.7 µg/dL), copper (>132.1 µg/dL), chromium (>14.0 µg/dL), or selenium concentrations (>16.8 µg/dL), serum iron displayed no association with T2D (p > 0.05). Serum copper and magnesium were significant modifiers of the association between iron and T2D in individuals with different physiological status (p < 0.05). Our findings support the idea that consuming a diet rich in antioxidant minerals is an effective approach for preventing T2D.

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“…A 2020 review outlines the role of minerals and trace elements in reducing risk of insulin resistance and T2DM [68]. Studies in China found that copper and zinc concentrations were inversely correlated with T2DM [69], and that while iron was directly correlated with T2DM but that this association was reduced to a non-significant correlation with higher concentrations of antioxidant minerals including chromium, copper, magnesium, selenium, and zinc [70] A 2022 review of spatial-temporal patterns of incidence, mortality, and attributable risk factors for T2DM from 1990 to 2019 among 21 world regions showed high BMI (52%), ambient particulate matter (14%), smoking (10%), and secondhand smoke (9%) to be the major contributing factors to T2DM disability-adjusted life-years [71].…”

Intelligent Rapid Detection Techniques for Low-Content Components in Fruits and Vegetables: A Comprehensive Review

“…Minerals are vital for regulating physiological functions such as substance metabolism, oxygen transportation, and cell signaling, ensuring the proper functioning of organs in the human body. Minerals are also key components that makeup bones and teeth, helping to maintain the strength and stability of the bone structure [7][8][9]. On the other hand, vitamins are life-sustaining components that maintain normal body functions by regulating various biochemical processes and metabolic pathways within cells.…”

Cancer Incidence Rates for non-Hispanic White Men and Women in the US in 2016–2020 with Respect to Solar UVB Doses, Diabetes and Obesity Prevalence, Lung Cancer Incidence Rates, and Alcohol Consumption: An Ecological Study

“…A 2020 review outlines the role of minerals and trace elements in reducing risk of insulin resistance and T2DM [64]. Studies in China found that copper and zinc concentrations were inversely correlated with T2DM [65], and that while iron was directly correlated with T2DM but that this association was reduced to a non-significant correlation with higher concentrations of antioxidant minerals including chromium, copper, magnesium, selenium, and zinc [66] A 2022 review of spatial-temporal patterns of incidence, mortality, and attributable risk factors for T2DM from 1990 to 2019 among 21 world regions showed high BMI (52%), ambient particulate matter (14%), smoking (10%), and secondhand smoke (9%) to be the major contributing factors to T2DM disability-adjusted life-years [67].…”