Antioxidant properties of compounds isolated from wood vinegar by activity-guided and pH-gradient extraction

The effects of ageing treatment on bioactive contents and chemical composition of liquid smoke food flavourings

“…Figure 4 shows the antioxidant capacities of fresh and aged liquid smoke samples in terms of FRAP and DPPH. Ferric reducing power and free radical scavenging activity are significant indicators of the potential antioxidant capacity for liquid smoke [30]. A previous study showed that syringol, catechol and 3-methoxycatechol were the important contributors to the antioxidant capacity [31].…”

Xylochemicals and where to find them

“…Me γ-valerolactone from levulinic acid through catalytic hydrogenation (>99%), [118] lignocellulose [119] P O H O furfural pentose-containing biomass like corn cobs, sugar cane residues, [97,109,111,120] wood hydrosylates [121] S O Me 2-methyltetrahydrofuran hydrogenation of furfural [122] P O OH Me caproic acid wv, [65] fractionation of coconut oil [69] S HO OH OH OH OH OH sorbitol hydrogenation of glucose [75] , from cellulose (up to 85%) [31,75] S HO OH OH OH OH OH mannitol juice of manna-ash (Fraxinus ornus l.), olive trees/leaves, [123][124] catalytic hydrogenation of glucosefructose mixtures or cellulose (up to 85%) [75] P OH OH catechol dry distillation of Acacia catechu, [125] lignin [126][127] P OH phenol lignin depol., [128] pine wood lignin (9.6 mol%) [129] P OH HO resorcinol wood tar [130] S OH OH HO phloroglucinol from phloretin [131] (apple tree leaves, manchurian apricot) [132][133] Compound Natural source…”

“…furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural/methoxymethylfurfural (59%) [134][135] P benzene depol. of kraft lignin (175 g/kg), [136] wood combustion [137][138] P HO OH hydroquinone raw wv from Pinus tabulaeformis carr [127] green shell of walnuts, [139] citrus fruits [140] P Me O OH sorbic acid wv, [65] rowan berries [141][142] P O O Me parasorbic acid rowan berries (132 mg/100 g), [143] cranberry (0.12% of dry plant) [144] [86] growing wheat, [87] industrially through fmt. of sugars (up to 100%), [69,145] citrus juice and pineapple waste [69] and purification by esterification [146] S O O O cyrene green solvent alternative for DMF or NMP, from cellulose (from larch log, poplar wood, bagasse, corn cob, bilberry presscake), [147] via hydrogenation of levoglucosenone (up to 100%) [147][148]…”

“…Eucalyptus wood extracts (detected via LC-MS) [161] Terminalia myriocarpa extracts [162] P Me toluene wood combustion, [65,163] tolu balsam [164][165] P OH OH Me 3-methylcatechol raw wv from Pinus tabulaeformis carr [127] P OH OH OMe 3-methoxycatechol raw wv from Pinus tabulaeformis carr [127] P OH Me OH 4-methylcatechol raw wv from Pinus tabulaeformis carr [127] P OH OMe guaiacol distillation of guaiac resin, [65,166] wood tar oil, [65] wv, [65] bio-oil from lignin pyrolysis (up to 26%) [167] P OH O benzoic acid from gum benzoin [69,103] P CO 2 H OH hydroxybenzoic acids from Salicaceae [168][169] P…”

“…vanillic acid oxidation of vanillin from lignin [169,171] P H O HO MeO vanillin lignin (4.5-7.0% [172] , 2.8% [173] ), [174] aspen wood (0.95-17.5%), [175] Eucalyptus wood [176] P MeO MeO veratrole wood pyrolysis (detected via GC) [177] P Me Me xylenes birch wood (combustion) [163] P OMe OH OMe 2,6-dimethoxyphenol raw wv from Pinus tabulaeformis carr [127] (2.5% via GC), [178] Quercus infectoria, [179] acai palm oil (1073±62 mg/L) [180] P O H cinnamaldehyde cinnamon bark, [181] (1.5% of dried bark), [182] Pseudocinnamomum [183] P O OH Cinnamic acid cinnamon bark [184] P OH HO p-coumaryl alcohol lignin depol. [185] P OH HO O p-coumaric acid grapevine pruning (0.15%), [186] wheat straw (0.66%), [187] maize stems (1.08%) [187] P…”