Antioxidant Responses and Nuclear Deformations in Freshwater Fish, Oreochromis niloticus, Facing Degraded Environmental Conditions

Abstract

Two sites of collection along river Nile, nearby metal-related factories (site2) and 7 km downstream (site3) were compared to unpolluted reference fish farm (site1). Metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn and Cd) in water and sediment samples showed highly significant (p < 0.01) differences among sites. According to contamination factor and pollution load index values, overall pollution was ordered as site2 > site3 > site1. Compared with Oreochromis niloticus of site1, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase as well as malondialdehyde formation were significantly (p < 0.01) increased in both liver and gills of fish collected from metal contaminated sites. This increment showed a tissue-specific pattern with higher rate of increment in liver than in gills. While reduced glutathione level was sharply decreased in site2 and site3. Micronucleus test was assessed as an environmental genotoxic endpoint in erythrocytes. Assessment of eight nuclear deformations showed gradient frequencies related to the distance from the industrial discharges.

Copper and nanocopper toxicity using integrated biomarker response in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

“…The heightened LPO results further indicate oxidative lipid damage in liver, gill, and kidney, potentially arising from insufficient production of antioxidants to counter tissue damage. Oxidative stress stands as a prime indicator for toxicity assessment, readily tracked through enzymes such as CAT, SOD, GST, and GPx 69 . Earlier research on metals and metal nanoparticles, such as Pb, Zn, Zn‐NPs, Se, and Se‐NPs, have similarly displayed significant oxidative stress escalation in biological systems upon metal/metal NPs exposure 32,70,71 .…”

“…Oxidative stress stands as a prime indicator for toxicity assessment, readily tracked through enzymes such as CAT, SOD, GST, and GPx. 69 Earlier research on metals and metal nanoparticles, such as Pb, Zn, Zn-NPs, Se, and Se-NPs, have similarly displayed significant oxidative stress escalation in biological systems upon metal/metal NPs exposure. 32,70,71 In this study, the results establish that Cu-NPs induce more potent oxidative stress than Cu, potentially attributed to the smaller size of the material compared to Cu, resulting in heightened ROS production.…”

The efficacy of metal nanocomposite (Fe3O4/CuO/ZnO) to ameliorate the toxic effects of ochratoxin in broilers

“…Moreover, NPs can be rapidly cleared through the kidneys when the particle size is small [ 112 ] and this assessed in our nanocomposite characterization. The elevated Fe in studied hepatic tissues than those in muscular tissues was recorded [ 111 ], for using CuONP [ 102 , 113 ].or ZnONP [ 109 , 114 – 116 ] may be due to the high production rate of metallothionein [ 117 ] since the liver act metal detoxification through metal sulfur-protein formation [ 118 ] and storing the excess Fe form of heme-protein and ferritin for various metabolic activities [ 119 ]. The less concentration of MONPs in the muscle may be due to the low level of metal-binding protein as MT in the muscle and owing to the large mass with low metabolic activity of muscular tissues [ 120 ].…”

Metal Accumulation and DNA Damage in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus After Chronic Exposure to Discharges of the Batts Drain: Potential Risk to Human Health

“…Therefore, they are usually used to reflect the water quality and the impacts of deteriorating environmental conditions. Accordingly, using integrated biomarkers to monitor environmental stressors and their impacts on aquatic biota has become a valuable and reliable tool (Abdel-Khalek 2015 ). Various metals are considered genotoxic pollutants due to their destructive impacts on the DNA integrity of aquatic organisms (Kontaş and Bostancı 2020 ).…”