Antioxidant Supplementation Modulates Neutrophil Inflammatory Response to Exercise-Induced Stress

Abstract

The aim of the present report was to evaluate the inflammatory response to a 2000-m running test considering neutrophil myeloperoxidase as an inflammatory marker, and to verify if supplements rich in antioxidants could modulate Post-test antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. To this end, a 21-day homogenization period was carried out with three groups: a control group, a supplemented group taking an almond beverage enriched with vitamins C and E and a third group consuming the same beverage but enriched with Lippia citriodora extract. At the end of this period, participants performed a 2000-m run, and blood samples were obtained the day before and immediately after the running test. Plasma and neutrophils were isolated. As a result, plasma creatine kinase and myoglobin increased, indicating Post-test muscle damage. Plasma oxidative markers were increased in all groups, except in the group supplemented with the almond beverage. Neutrophil antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased only in the control group, suggesting an antioxidant effect of the supplements provided in the other groups. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased after the test in the control group, while increased enzyme levels were detected in plasma of the supplement groups. Therefore, antioxidant consumption seems to favour myeloperoxidase release. The connection of this observation with post-exercise recovery will require further investigation.

Vitamin D, Its Role in Recovery after Muscular Damage Following Exercise

“…On the other hand, high-intensity eccentric exercises favor exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) [ 48 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. EIMD results in elevations of inflammatory markers (i.e., C-reactive protein/CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α among others.…”

“…In order to exert its effect, vitamin D binds to the intracellular receptor VDR [ 57 , 58 ]. VDR–vitamin D complex modulates the expression of hundreds of genes that perform essential functions [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. VDR–vitamin D complex also regulates NO synthesis through endotelial NOS (eNOS) activity [ 60 ].…”

An Overview of Physical Exercise and Antioxidant Supplementation Influences on Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress

“…They were then put through a 2000-m running test. The researchers concluded that antioxidant beverages might protect neutrophils from oxidative injury to SM during exercise [70].…”

The Immunomodulatory Function of Vitamin D, with Particular Reference to SARS-CoV-2

“…The VDR-vitamin D complex regulates the expression of hundreds of genes that code for proteins that accomplish key cellular functions. In this context, the VDR-vitamin D complex stimulates eNOS expression, regulating at long term the synthesis of NO [107,[110][111][112][113]. Regulated production of NO can promote angiogenesis of endothelial cells [114,115].…”