Antioxidant, Tyrosinase, α-Glucosidase, and Elastase Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Optimized Unripe Ajwa Date Pulp (Phoenix dactylifera) Extracts by Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

The Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae family) is a popular edible fruit consumed all over the world. The profiling of the polyphenolic compounds of optimized unripe Ajwa date pulp (URADP) extracts is scarce. The aim of this study was to extract polyphenols from URADP as effectively as possible by using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the extraction conditions with respect to ethanol concentration, extraction time, and temperature and to achieve the maximum amount of polyphenolic compounds. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify the URADP’s polyphenolic compounds. The DPPH-, ABTS-radical scavenging, α-glucosidase, elastase and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition of optimized extracts of URADP was also evaluated. According to RSM, the highest amounts of TPC (24.25 ± 1.02 mgGAE/g) and TFC (23.98 ± 0.65 mgCAE/g) were obtained at 52% ethanol, 81 min time, and 63 °C. Seventy (70) secondary metabolites, including phenolic, flavonoids, fatty acids, and sugar, were discovered using high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, twelve (12) new phytoconstituents were identified for the first time in this plant. Optimized URADP extract showed inhibition of DPPH-radical (IC50 = 87.56 mg/mL), ABTS-radical (IC50 = 172.36 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 221.59 mg/mL), elastase (IC50 = 372.25 mg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 59.53 mg/mL) enzymes. The results revealed a significant amount of phytoconstituents, making it an excellent contender for the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Optimization, Metabolomic Analysis, Antioxidant Potential and Depigmenting Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds from Unmature Ajwa Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction

“…Contour plot shapes conveyed the significance of mutual interactions. Elliptical contours implied negligible interactions, while circular contours indicated significant interactions [22,25]. In Figure 2A,B, all response surfaces were convex, affirming the appropriate selection of variable ranges for ultrasonic time, temperature and ethanol concentration, highlighting their collective impact on TPC and TFC extraction yields.…”

“…Notably, the phenolic acids in UMS were often in glucosidic form or conjugated with quinic and shikimic acid. While compounds 1-12 had been reported in various date cultivars in previous studies [1,17,22,24], compound 13, with a monoisotopic mass [M-H] − of m/z 747.1895 and the molecular formula C 38 H 36 O 16 , was newly identified as 3-O-feruloyl-7-O-acyl-feruloyl-4-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid in the Ajwa date.…”

“…Dry powder samples (1.0 g) underwent triple extraction with 10 mL of solvent, following the design in Table 1. Additionally, heat and maceration extraction followed established methods [22]. The extracted samples were filtered, concentrated in a rotary evaporator (Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and lyophilized with a freeze dryer (Il-shin Biobase, Goyang, Republic of Korea).…”

Biological activities, identification, method development, and validation for analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Nymphaea rubra flowers and leaves by UHPLC‐Q‐cIM‐TOF‐MS and UHPLC‐TQ‐MS

“…Mounting evidence revealed that many plant species' therapeutic properties, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antiaging, and antimelanin activities, are attributed to antioxidant polyphenolics. 6 It is noteworthy that natural products, mainly plant extracts, have an incredible chemical variety, making them ideal for drug development. The aquatic plant genus Nymphaea, with its numerous species, possesses unique and innovative phytochemicals that can be used to substantiate some of the traditional claims made about it.…”

“…Therefore, α‐glucosidase inhibitors can effectively reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia after a mixed‐carbohydrate diet and treat DM. Mounting evidence revealed that many plant species' therapeutic properties, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antiaging, and antimelanin activities, are attributed to antioxidant polyphenolics 6 . It is noteworthy that natural products, mainly plant extracts, have an incredible chemical variety, making them ideal for drug development.…”