Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts

Knekt, Paul; Ritz, John; Pereira, Mark A.; O’Reilly, Éilis J.; Augustsson, Katarina; Fraser, Gary E.; Goldbourt, Uri; Heitmann, Berit L.; Hallmans, Göran; Liu, Simin; Pietinen, Pirjo; Spiegelman, Donna; Stevens, June; Virtamo, Jarmo; Willett, Walter C.; Rimm, Eric B.; Ascherio, Alberto

doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1508

Cited by 257 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…58 However, in this pooled analysis, supplemental vitamin C (400 mg/d) was associated with a 25% reduction in incident coronary heart disease in comparison with that noted for nonusers of vitamin C supplements (P < .001). Adjustments for ''healthy'' lifestyle and potential dietary confounders did not weaken this association.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 59%

Vitamin C: Overview and Update

Schlueter

Johnston

2011

J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med

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Vitamin C functions in enzyme activation, oxidative stress reduction, and immune function. There is considerable evidence that vitamin C protects against respiratory tract infections and reduces risk for cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Current trials are examining the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C as cancer therapy. Many experts believe that the recommended intakes for vitamin C (45 to 90 mg daily) are several orders of magnitude too low to support optimal vitamin C functionality. Also, there is a misperception that vitamin C deficiency disease (scurvy) is largely historical and rarely observed in developed nations. Physical symptoms of scurvy include swelling of the lower extremities, bleeding gums, fatigue, and hemorrhaging, as well as psychological problems, including depression, hysteria, and social introversion. The long-term safety of vitamin C supplementation seems evident as large investigations have noted reduced risk of mortality in vitamin C supplementing populations and in those with elevated plasma vitamin C concentrations.

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Section: Cardiovascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 59%

Vitamin C: Overview and Update

Schlueter

Johnston

2011

J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med

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“…This mechanism explains to some extent why HDL-C is an independent risk factor to LDL-C for CVD Stampfer et al 1996;Chapman et al 2011;Miller et al 2011). Antioxidants such as Vitamins E and C can slow the damage, but they only delay the peroxidation on the scale of minutes not hours (Esterbauer et al 1992), consistent with the demonstrated weak effect of antioxidant use in cohort trials and the failure of antioxidant therapy to control atherosclerosis in random control trials (Jha et al 1995;Knekt et al 2004). Once the plaque forms, inflammatory immunological processes are engaged (Stocker and Keaney 2004), and anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet treatment can reduce the risk of vascular death (Bousser et al 2011).…”

Section: The Development Of Cardiovascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 83%

Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat

Barendse

2014

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract.Humans hunt or raise a wide variety of animals for meat, which vary from free-range to intensively reared. These animals form a valuable part of human nutrition. Their tissues, including the fat, contain vitamin and other essential nutrients necessary for health. However, animal fat from ruminants and other land mammals is usually regarded as saturated. The purpose of this review is partly to examine the basis for the saturated fat hypothesis of cardiovascular disease given more recent research, to examine the human health effects of animal fats, and partly to draw into one place the diverse knowledge about animal fat and the effects of fat on metabolism. Mechanistic understanding of the initiation of the fatty streak and atherosclerosis calls into question the avoidance of ruminant or porcine fat. Due to high levels of oleic acid, a low n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio in some groups, and the presence of specific micronutrients including vitamins and essential fatty acids, animal fats are of benefit in human nutrition. Animal fats can be obtained in minimally processed form making them a convenient source of energy and micronutrients.

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“…Indeed, Knekt et al [104] found vitamin E and carotenoids lacked efficacy in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, but they noted a significant decrease in frequency of coronary artery disease and other serious cardiac events in sick persons supplemented with large doses of vitamin C (> 700 mg/d). A meta-analysis by Wright et al [105] showed, however, that a long-term intake rich in dietary and/or supplemental vitamin E significantly reduces mortality from coronary artery disease and from ischemic stroke, as well as all-cause mortality.…”

Section: Meta-analysis Of Results Of Studies On the Effectiveness Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse effects of antioxidative vitamins

Rutkowski¹,

Grzegorczyk²

2012

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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High doses of synthetic antioxidative vitamins: A, E, C and β-carotene are often used on long-term basis in numerous preventive and therapeutic medical applications. Instead of expected health effects, the use of those vitamins may however lead to cases of hypervitaminosis and even to intoxication. The article points out main principles of safety which are to be observed during supplementation with antioxidative vitamins. Toxic effects resulting from erroneous administration of high doses of those substances on organs and systems of the organism are also discussed. Attention is drawn to interactions of antioxidative vitamins with concomitantly used drugs, as well as intensification of adverse effects caused by various exogenous chemical factors. Moreover, the article presents the evaluation of supplementation with these vitamins, which was performed in large studies.

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Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts

Abstract: The results suggest a reduced incidence of major CHD events at high supplemental vitamin C intakes. The risk reductions at high vitamin E or carotenoid intakes appear small.

Cited by 257 publications

References 59 publications

Vitamin C: Overview and Update

Vitamin C: Overview and Update

Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat

Adverse effects of antioxidative vitamins

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