Antioxidative potential of antidiabetic agents: A possible protective mechanism against vascular complications in diabetic patients

Abstract

Many vascular complications are related to exposure of tissues to elevated levels of glucose, a condition that promotes oxidative stress. The primary goal of antidiabetic medication is for normalization of blood glucose. However, antidiabetic medications may have antioxidant effects that go beyond their hypoglycemic influences. Therefore, antidiabetic drugs may be doubly beneficial in preventing diabetic complications. Vascular dysfunction due to uncontrolled diabetes is a serious complication of the disease and one which has a severe impact on quality of life. Readjustment of the oxidative balance in subjects with diabetes, and the positive effects thereof is a topic of intense interest at present. In the current review, we highlight the antioxidant effects of antidiabetic medications which may prevent or delay the onset of vascular dysfunction.

Accelerated degradation of collagen membranes in type 1 diabetic rats is associated with increased expression and production of several inflammatory molecules

“…Increased presence of inflammation, as evidenced either by its cellular make-up or by its molecular repertoire, has been described in many tissues of diabetic humans or animals. [15][16][17][18][19][20] Furthermore, many diabetic complications have been associated with several specific inflammatory cytokines. 32,33 Up to this study, local diabetes-induced inflammation was identified in the membranes only by the presence of mononuclear inflammatory cells and indirectly by the anti-degradative effect of impregnation in TC and HA.…”

“…[9][10][11] Common to most diabetic complications is a dysregulated inflammatory process, which manifests itself in excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF , IL-1 , and IL-6, together with increased numbers of immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages. [12][13][14] Increased presence of inflammation, as evidenced either by its cellular or molecular repertoire, has been described in many body tissues, including skin, 15 gingiva and periodontal tissues, 16,17 retinae, 18 blood vessels, 19 and bones 20 of diabetic humans or animals. As expected from an exaggerated, dysregulated inflammatory state, many of the diabetic complications are associated with increased expression and production of collagenolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 21 and cathepsins.…”

Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus

“…Oxidative stress develops when the rate of free radical generation exceeds the antioxidant defense systems resulting in the toxic effects of free radicals [9,10]. Free radical species are important physiological components in biological homeostasis [11,12], but when their production increases excessively and greater than the body's antioxidant capacity, then oxidative stress results [12]. Oxidative stress is a major upstream event for diabetes complications as well as insulin resistance development [12][13][14], inducing pathophysiologic molecular mechanisms and initiating a cascade of deleterious pathways leading to insulin resistance and DM [8,15].…”

Molecular Mechanisms by Which Imeglimin Improves Glucose Homeostasis

“…Diabetes and its associated complications have a substantial economic burden on health systems in most countries [5,6]. Many pharmacological agents have been developed to improve hyperglycemia and prevent complications associated with diabetes [7]. Imeglimin is a novel and promising antihyperglycemic agent but has not been approved yet for managing patients with diabetes [8,9].…”