Antiphospholipid antibodies and extracellular vesicles in pregnancy

Tong, Mancy; Tsai, Bridget W.; Chamley, Larry

doi:10.1111/aji.13312

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Three subtypes of trophoblasts can be found in the human placenta: villous cytotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts (EVT), and syncytiotrophoblasts (STB). The STB is a multinucleated single cell that covers the maternal-facing part of the placenta, plays a key role in the exchange of materials between mother and fetus, and is the main site of EV production and release into the maternal bloodstream [ 16 ]. In addition to conventional EVs, trophoblasts also release trophoblastic debris, which contain an average of 60 nuclei [ 44 ] and range in size from 20–500 μm [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: The Molecular Mechanisms Of Evs Contributing To Pregnancy Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVs are normally released during pregnancy and carry or express increased levels of proinflammatory and procoagulant molecules on their surface, which contribute to enhanced inflammation and hypercoagulation during pregnancy [ 10 ]. Elevated levels of EVs and their distinct profile have been suggested to play a role in pregnancy disorders including PE and recurrent fetal loss, both of which are part of the clinical manifestations of obstetric APS [ 10 , 16 ]. The role of EVs in the pathology of obstetric APS has been investigated in vivo by isolating EVs from patient plasma and in vitro on EVs isolated from aPL-stimulated cell cultures.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles In Antiphospholipid Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of EVs in vascular and obstetric pathologies, with a focus on APS. In contrast to previous reviews [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], this review separately describes and examines the characteristics of EVs isolated from plasma of both thrombotic and obstetric APS patients, as well as includes studies examining the in vitro effects of aPL on EV release.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Extracellular Vesicles and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges

Štok

Čučnik

Sodin‐Šemrl

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by thromboembolism, obstetric complications, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in intercellular communication and connectivity and are known to be involved in endothelial and vascular pathologies. Despite well-characterized in vitro and in vivo models of APS pathology, the field of EVs remains largely unexplored. This review recapitulates recent findings on the role of EVs in APS, focusing on their contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Several studies have found that APS patients with a history of thrombotic events have increased levels of EVs, particularly of endothelial origin. In obstetric APS, research on plasma levels of EVs is limited, but it appears that levels of EVs are increased. In general, there is evidence that EVs activate endothelial cells, exhibit proinflammatory and procoagulant effects, interact directly with cell receptors, and transfer biological material. Future studies on EVs in APS may provide new insights into APS pathology and reveal their potential as biomarkers to identify patients at increased risk.

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Section: The Molecular Mechanisms Of Evs Contributing To Pregnancy Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extracellular Vesicles In Antiphospholipid Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Extracellular Vesicles and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges

Štok

Čučnik

Sodin‐Šemrl

et al. 2021

IJMS

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show abstract

“…Moreover, such surface adsorption adsorbs to cause changes in fibrinogen secondary structure, which may underlie in part the abnormal thrombus morphology caused by EVs. Mancy et al [ 93 ], studying the secretion of EVs by trophoblast cells, found that EVs are also enriched with a large number of antiphospholipid antibodies that target phospholipid-binding proteins such as beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI), which in turn induces systemic thrombosis and increases the risk of obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriage and pre-eclampsia. In addition, Nox-1 is enriched within PEVs, where they induce thrombosis while reverse-activating platelets by regulating ROS production downstream of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) [ 94 ].…”

Section: Activation Of the Coagulation System And Altered Fibrinolyti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Extracellular Vesicles on Thrombosis

2022

J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res.

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The risk of cardiovascular events caused by acute thrombosis is high, including acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, acute pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of extracellular vesicles of different cellular origins in various cardiovascular events associated with acute thrombosis, as described in the current literature, to facilitate the future development of a precise therapy for thrombosis caused by such vesicles. We hope that our review will indicate a new horizon in the field of cardiovascular research with regard to the treatment of acute thrombosis, especially targeting thrombosis caused by extracellular vesicles secreted by individual cells. As more emerging technologies are being developed, new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies related to EVs are expected to be identified for related diseases in the future.

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“…Recently, extracellular vesicles have been recognized as an important carrier of protein aggregates, miRNA, mRNA, lipids and apoptotic factors that may mediate inflammatory responses associated with PE pathophysiology (Schuster et al, 2021). Circulating extracellular vesicles exist in greater quantity in the plasma of PE subjects vs. normal pregnancy (Gilani et al, 2016;Tong et al, 2017;Schuster et al, 2021;Tong et al, 2021). Below, we will discuss the DAMPs that may be associated with the pathogenesis of PE (Figure 1).…”

Section: Damps: the Effectors Of Sterile Inflammation In Pementioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological Value of Sterile Inflammation in Preeclampsia: Is It a Non-Infectious Pregnancy Complication?

Banerjee

Huang

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Understanding of sterile inflammation and its associated biological triggers and diseases is still at the elementary stage. This becomes more warranted in cases where infections are not associated with the pathology. Detrimental effects of bacterial and viral infections on the immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface as well as pregnancy outcomes have been well documented. However, an infection-induced etiology is not thought to be a major contributing component to severe pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes. How is then an inflammatory signal thought to be associated with these pregnancy complications? It is not clear what type of inflammation is involved in the onset of PE-like features. We opine that sterile inflammation regulated by the inflammasome-gasdermins-caspase-1 axis is a contributory factor to the onset of PE. We hypothesize that increased production and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or Alarmins such as high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), cell-free fetal DNA, uric acid, the NOD-like receptor pyrin-containing receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, IL-1β and IL-18 occur in the PE placenta. Some of these molecules have already been observed in the placenta from women with PE. Mechanistically, emerging evidence has demonstrated that excessive placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, impaired autophagy and gasdermine D (GSDMD)-mediated intrinsic pyroptosis are key events that contribute to systemic sterile inflammation in patients with PE, especially early-onset PE (e-PE). In this review, we highlight the advances on the roles of sterile inflammation and inflammatory signaling cascades involving ER stress, autophagy deficiency and pyroptosis in PE pathophysiology. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying these inflammatory pathways may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to treat this devastating disease.

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Antiphospholipid antibodies and extracellular vesicles in pregnancy

Cited by 13 publications

References 88 publications

Extracellular Vesicles and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges

Extracellular Vesicles and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges

The Effect of Extracellular Vesicles on Thrombosis

Etiological Value of Sterile Inflammation in Preeclampsia: Is It a Non-Infectious Pregnancy Complication?

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