Antipredator strategies of pupae: how to avoid predation in an immobile life stage?

Lindstedt, Carita; Murphy, Liam; Mappes, Johanna

doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0069

Cited by 57 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(209 reference statements)

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“…Each predator larva was supplied with one P. armoraciae larva per day. wild type, A. thaliana Col-0; mybcyp, A. thaliana myb28 × myb29 × cyp79B2 × cyp79B3; tgg, A. thaliana tgg1 × tgg2 (Lindstedt et al, 2019;Pasteels et al, 1983). During development from egg to adult, P. armoraciae occupies different habitats and thus encounters different above-and below-ground communities of natural enemies (Vig, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insects evolved numerous strategies to escape predation including behavioural, structural and chemical defences (Gross, 1993;Humphreys & Ruxton, 2019;Pasteels, Grégoire, & Rowell-Rahier, 1983;Rettenmeyer, 1970). Which defence strategies an insect uses depends on the community of natural enemies it encounters, and this can change across insect ontogeny depending on the respective life style and habitat (Boege, Agrawal, & Thaler, 2019;Lindstedt, Murphy, & Mappes, 2019;Pasteels et al, 1983). Some insects that feed on chemically defended plants utilize plant defence compounds to deter predators by sequestering them in their bodies (Erb & Robert, 2016;Opitz & Müller, 2009;Petschenka & Agrawal, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic differences in the chemical defence of flea beetles influence their predation risk

2020

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käfern mindestens so hoch ist wie in den Blättern der Futterpflanze, fragten sich die Wissenschaftler, ob sich den Käferlarven damit eine neue Option der Abwehr von Feinden eröffnet, zu denen auch die räuberischen Larven des asiatischen Marienkäfers (Harmonia axyridis, Abbildung 2) gehören. Wurden diesen im Experiment Larven des Meerretticherdflohs angeboten, die Senfölglykoside mit ihrer Nahrung zu sich genommen hatten, hörten die Marienkäferlarven schon nach wenigen Sekunden auf zu fressen, und jede dritte von ihnen erbrach die aufgenommene Mahlzeit. Da die Räuber nach dem Kontakt mit Gift enthaltenden Erdflohkäferlarven schnell lernten, die Artgenossen zu meiden, konnten mehr als zwei Drittel von ihnen überleben. Dagegen wurden Larven, die ernährungsbedingt wenig Senfölglykoside enthielten, von den Marienkäfern bereitwillig gefressen, und 90 Prozent dieser Erdflohkäferlarven überlebten den Angriff nicht. Solche Fütterungsexperimente bestätigten auch die toxische Wirkung der Senfölglykoside auf die Marienkäferlarven. Demnach setzen die Larven der Erdflohkäfer das Gift ihrer Futterpflanze als chemische Waffe für die Abwehr der eigenen Feinde ein. Allerdings wird dadurch nicht jede einzelne Larve geschützt, denn nur wenn einige von ihnen dem Angriff der Räuber zum Opfer fallen, kann die gesamte Population von dem so ausgelösten Lernprozess profitieren. Überraschend war, dass die Marienkäferlarven Eier, Puppen oder ausgewachsene Erdflohkäfer unbeschadet fressen konnten, obwohl diese deutlich mehr Senfölglykoside enthielten als die Erdflohkäferlarven. Und wenn die Räuber die Wahl hatten, bevorzugten sie stets die Puppen vor den Larven. Dieses Paradox erklärten die Wissenschaftler damit, dass vor allem die Larven des Erdflohkäfers in der Lage sind, die Glykoside zu spalten und Senföle freizusetzen, denn sie besitzen etwa 43fach mehr von der dafür benötigten Myrosinase. Deren Aktivität war unabhängig von der aufgenommenen Nahrung und selbst dann nachweisbar, wenn die Larven auf einer Mutante als Futterpflanze gezüchtet wurden, die das pflanzeneigene Enzym nicht bilden konnte. Die Erdflöhe beziehen also nur die Senf-öle von der Futterpflanze. Die zweite Komponente ihrer Abwehrstrategie produzieren die Larven selbst, um die Waffe zu schärfen. Dass dies nur die Larven tun, nicht aber die ausgewachsenen, zum Sprung bereiten Käfer, ist eine bemerkenswerte Anpassung an den durch räuberische Feinde ausgeübten Selektionsdruck. Eine spannende Frage bleibt noch zu lösen: Auch beim Erdflohkäfer werden wie bei den Pflanzen die toxischen Senföle nur nach Verletzungen freigesetzt. Demnach speichert auch der Erdfloh die Senfölglykoside räumlich getrennt von der körpereigenen Myrosinase. Im Experiment lassen sich die beiden Komponenten in Kontakt bringen, indem die Hämolymphe eingefroren und wieder aufgetaut wird, um die darin enthaltenen Zellen zum Platzen zu bringen. Wie der entsprechende Vorgang im Darm des räuberischen Insekts innerhalb kürzester Zeit abläuft, ist bislang noch unklar. Literatur [1] T. Sporer et al., Functional ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic differences in the chemical defence of flea beetles influence their predation risk

2020

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“…These trade-offs and constraints should be most evident when the availability of pigments or their precursors are limited in the diet (19). However, such trade-offs should also generate genetic correlations between levels of carotenoid-based pigmentation and other fitness traits (especially immune or antioxidant function), which we did not find in this study (Table 3, see also (88) (27,35,46,89).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits

Lindstedt

Bagley

Calhim

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Our understanding of how novel color traits evolve in aposematic taxa is based largely on studies of reproductive stages and organisms with endogenously produced pigmentation. In these systems, genetic drift is often required for novel alleles to overcome strong purifying selection stemming from frequency-dependent predation and positive assortative mating. Here we show that the importance of these mechanisms can differ if selective processes are considered in larval stage instead. By integrating population genomic data, predation experiments and phenotypic measurements of larvae and their host plants, we show that novel white alleles in Neodiprion lecontei (pine sawfly) larvae spread via selection rather than drift. The cost of being rare was not offset by an enhanced aposematic display or immune function. Instead, bottom-up selection via host plants may drive divergence among populations as white larvae were disproportionately abundant on a pine species with a reduced carotenoid content relative to other pine hosts.

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“…This indicates only a partial decoupling of pre- and post-metamorphosis life stages, highlighting the importance of evaluating multiple traits across life stages when inferring lifetime fitness. This is especially important for species that exhibit warning colours and experience different selection on body coloration across their different life stages [83].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating responses to temperature during pre-metamorphosis and carry-over effects at post-metamorphosis in the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis)

Galarza

Dhaygude

Ghaedi

et al. 2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Insect metamorphosis is one of the most recognized processes delimiting transitions between phenotypes. It has been traditionally postulated as an adaptive process decoupling traits between life stages, allowing evolutionary independence of pre- and post-metamorphic phenotypes. However, the degree of autonomy between these life stages varies depending on the species and has not been studied in detail over multiple traits simultaneously. Here, we reared full-sib larvae of the warningly coloured wood tiger moth ( Arctia plantaginis ) in different temperatures and examined their responses for phenotypic (melanization change, number of moults), gene expression (RNA-seq and qPCR of candidate genes for melanization and flight performance) and life-histories traits (pupal weight, and larval and pupal ages). In the emerging adults, we examined their phenotypes (melanization and size) and compared them at three condition proxies: heat absorption (ability to engage flight), flight metabolism (ability to sustain flight) and overall flight performance. We found that some larval responses, as evidenced by gene expression and change in melanization, did not have an effect on the adult (i.e. size and wing melanization), whereas other adult traits such as heat absorption, body melanization and flight performance were found to be impacted by rearing temperature. Adults reared at high temperature showed higher resting metabolic rate, lower body melanization, faster heating rate, lower body temperature at take-off and inferior flight performance than cold-reared adults. Thus, our results did not unambiguously support the environment-matching hypothesis. Our results illustrate the importance of assessing multiple traits across life stages as these may only be partly decoupled by metamorphosis. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.

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Antipredator strategies of pupae: how to avoid predation in an immobile life stage?

Cited by 57 publications

References 106 publications

Ontogenetic differences in the chemical defence of flea beetles influence their predation risk

Ontogenetic differences in the chemical defence of flea beetles influence their predation risk

The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits

Evaluating responses to temperature during pre-metamorphosis and carry-over effects at post-metamorphosis in the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis)

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