Antiproliferation Properties of Grain Sorghum Dry Distiller’s Grain Lipids in Caco-2 Cells

Abstract

Antiproliferative properties of lipids extracted from grain sorghum (GS) dry distiller's grain (DDG) were analyzed to determine the feasibility of developing GS coproducts as a source for human health dietary ingredients. The lipid extract of GS-DDG was delivered to human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells by solubilizing 0-1000 microg/mL of GS-DDG lipids in 100 microg/mL increments with micelles. A significant reduction in cell viability (25-50%) resulted at treatment levels of 400-1000 microg/mL GS-DDG lipids (p < 0.05). Alternatively, total protein levels of cells treated with 400, 500, and 600 microg/mL of GS-DDG lipid were not significantly different from the control, indicating cell growth during the treatment period. Total cell counts for the control were not significantly different from the GS-DDG lipid treated cells, but dead cell counts increased by approximately 10% for the latter sample with a concomitant increase of the intercellular protein lactate dehydrogenase leakage (30-40%) in the medium. Preliminary analysis by the fluorescence-activated cell method (FACs) demonstrated that nonviable cells were in either the early apoptotic, late apoptotic, or necrotic stage post-treatment with 400, 500, and 600 microg/mL GS-DDG lipids. Physiochemical characterization of the GS-DDG lipids used for the antiproliferation study showed the presence of vitamin E (predominantly gamma-tocopherol), triacylglycerides (predominantly linoleic acid), policosanols, aldehydes, and sterols (predominantly campesterol and stigmasterol), each of which or as synergistic/additive group of constituents may be responsible for the antiproliferative effect.

Sorghum: An Underutilized Cereal Whole Grain with the Potential to Assist in the Prevention of Chronic Disease

“…(82)(83)(84) Finally, sorghum lipids may also possess antiproliferation properties. Zbasnik et al (85) extracted lipids from sorghum dry distiller's grain (a by-product of the ethanol industry) and observed an anti-proliferative effect on human colon carcinoma cells. They suggested that the effect may have been a result of synergistic interactions of vitamin E (predominantly gammatocopherol), triacylglycerides, free fatty acids (predominantly linoleic acid), policosanols, aldehydes, and sterols (predominantly campesterol and stigmasterol) that were identified in the extracts.…”

“…They suggested that the effect may have been a result of synergistic interactions of vitamin E (predominantly gammatocopherol), triacylglycerides, free fatty acids (predominantly linoleic acid), policosanols, aldehydes, and sterols (predominantly campesterol and stigmasterol) that were identified in the extracts. (85) Although sorghum dry distiller's grain is primarily used for animal feed, it is chemically and microbiologically safe as a human food ingredient, therefore further research in humans is relevant.…”

Ftir-Metabolomics to Correlate Sorghum’s Chemical Profile and HCT-116 Cytotoxicity Changes During Rice-Analogue Production

“…Among all types of phytosterol, the three major sterols found in sorghum are sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmaterol (Leguizamón et al, 2009). Zbasnik et al (2009) determined the significant antiproliferative effect of grain sorghum (GS) dry distiller's grain (DDG) lipids in Caco-2 cells. Characterization of GS-DDG lipid shows the presence of phytosterol (predominantly campesterol and stigmasterol), as well as vitamin E (predominantly γ-tocopherol), triacylglycerides (predominantly linoleic acid), policosanols, and aldehydes, each of which may play sinergistic role that may be responsible for the cytotoxic activity properties.…”

Sorghum Fermentation for Nutritional Improvement

“…White sorghum contains traces of trans-piceid (up to 0.1 mg/kg) and trans-resveratrol is absent, while in red sorghum, these two classes are present (Bröhan et al 2011). Polycosanols and phytosterols are associated with the lipid fraction of the sorghum (Zbasnik et al 2009). Thus, these compounds have been studied mainly in lipids extracted from dry sorghum obtained after alcohol production.…”