Antiproliferative activity of buttermilk lipid fractions isolated using food grade and non-food grade solvents on human cancer cell lines

In-Depth Lipidomic Analysis of Molecular Species of Triacylglycerides, Diacylglycerides, Glycerophospholipids, and Sphingolipids of Buttermilk by GC-MS/FID, HPLC-ELSD, and UPLC-QToF-MS

“…The F1 fraction showed significantly higher PUFA content ( p < 0.05) (0.7% vs. 2%), which has been attributed to the low content of TAG and high content of PL composition (5% and 62%, respectively) (Figure 1), in agreement with a previous study [7]. By contrast, the F2 lipid fraction presented a higher content of SFA than BM (76% vs. 84%) mainly due to the increase of the FA C16:0 and C18:0, which is also related to major neutral lipid content (82% of TAG) as can be seen in Figure 1.…”

“…Table 1 shows the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition of BM fat and its lipid fractions (F1 and F2) by GC-MS. Fractions were isolated by flash chromatography (FC) using a C18 silica cartridge as described by Castro-Gómez et al [7]. The FAME profile was comparable to the milk fat, with a highly diverse composition of fatty acids both in terms of length, (ranging from 4 to 20 carbons) and geometric conformations (branched, cis , and trans ) [16,17].…”

“…In spite of the fact that the concentration of these molecules in comparison to total milk fat is low (<1% of total fat) [4], they are of great importance because the structure acquired from mammary cellular membranes provides to MFGM an exclusive PL composition in comparison with commercial PL sources [5]. Furthermore, buttermilk (BM), a byproduct obtained from butter manufacturing, accounts for a significantly increased PL content that may reach up to 20% of total lipid concentration [4,6,7]. It is remarkable that in spite of BM being known as a good source of bioactive MFGM PLs [3,8,9], the composition of this product has not been thoroughly investigated.…”

“…), as well as the use of advanced analytical techniques in different food sources to characterize their composition, which is thought to be related to their reported bioactivity in in vitro and/or in vivo experiments [3,8]. However, the mentioned techniques have some limitations: (a) they do not allow for isolating a large amount of sample; (b) the isolate is not pure enough; (c) the use of organic solvents is likely to entail a decrease in or inhibition of the potential bioactivity of the compounds; and (d) the equipment used does not allow us to carry out a comprehensive characterization of these compounds [7,10,11,12,13,14]. Therefore, in the present study other techniques such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and preparative flash chromatography (FC) have been used to obtain BM lipids and isolate different BM fractions, respectively, by using food-grade solvents in an attempt to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks.…”

“…PLE procedure has been previously validated for milk fat extraction and it performs a complete extraction of all lipid classes [15]. In addition, when PLE was used to obtain the BM lipid fractions, using food-grade ethanol gave a higher yield of polar lipid extracts than those obtained using non-food grade solvents, and they effectively inhibited the cell viability of the cancer cell lines [7]. …”