“…Among these were resistin like alpha and beta (Retnla and Retnlb) (Artis et al, 2004;Munitz et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2005), defensin beta 1 (Defb1) (Morrison et al, 2002), mast cell protease 9 (Mcpt9) (Friend et al, 1998), interferon-induced protein 44 (Ifi44) (Hallen et al, 2007), vav 1 oncogene (Vav1) (Spurrell et al, 2009), TBC1 domain family, member 23 (Tbc1d23) (De Arras et al, 2012) and several genes encoding 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetases (Oas1a, Oas1b, Oas1g, Oas2, Oas3) (Mashimo et al, 2003). Given that expression of Nkx2.2 is restricted to the intestinal epithelium, these gene expression changes are likely to be secondary to the dysregulation of enteroendocrine populations, such as cells expressing 5-HT, Cck and Ghrl, and support the emerging concept that enteroendocrine hormones can play immunomodulatory roles in the gut (Worthington, 2015).…”