“…Oral intake of lycopene has been shown to be effective in preventing elevated inflammation and oxidative stress in the alloxan-induced diabetic eye tissues, the optic nerve in particular [ 81 ]. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll produced by algae and found in many marine organisms, has sparked widespread interest among scientists in managing DR. Astaxanthin, either administered orally, intraperitoneally, or by intravitreal injection, is reported to suppress oxidative stress, downregulate inflammation, alleviate apoptosis, and help to improve visual acuity and control blood glucose via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α) pathway [ 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. Another xanthophyll, lactucaxanthin is a carotenoid from lettuce.…”