Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Stem Bark Extract

Abstract

Citrus limon is traditionally use for the treatment of several ailments including infectious diseases. This study was designed to evaluate antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities of Citrus limon stem bark extract. The plant material was collected, authenticated, air-dried and pulverized. Two hundred grams of powdered plant material was extracted into distilled methanol by cold maceration and the extract was concentration in a vacuo. The extract was subjected to in vitro phytochemical screening and bioassays including; antiproliferative assay (Sorghum bicolor radicle and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays) and antimicrobial susceptibility against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter ferundii and Candida albicans. Phytochemical evaluation detected the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and cardiac glycoside in the extract. The extract displayed concentration-dependent antiproliferative activity with an IC50 of 1.10±0.07 and 0.62±0.04 mg/mL compared to cyclophosphamide (IC50 of 0.17±0.02 and 0.83±0.08 mg/mL) for Sorghum bicolor radical growth and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays, respectively. The extract displayed antimicrobial activity with the highest activity against Escherichia coli and Citrobacter ferundii with activity indices of 0.68 and 0.59, respectively compared to gentamicin. Citrus limon stem bark extract displayed antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities.

Traditional Uses, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of the Medicinal Plant Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle

“…The leaf extract was found to be as efficient as the reference product ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 25 µg/mL in a DPPH assay) [88]. An extract made from the aerial parts of F. virosa revealed an antioxidant action that was a little inferior to that of ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 0.01 versus 0.008 mg/mL, respectively), coupled with antifungal and antiproliferation effects [103]. Diverse antioxidant products were isolated from the leaves, such as bergenin, but also kaempferol 3-O-(4galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, 11-O-caffeoylbergenin and glucogallin acting as hydroxyl radical scavengers [77,110].…”

“…Notably, the Embu and Mbeere peoples in Kenya use root decoctions to treat prostate and breast cancers and kidney problems [27,101,102]. An antiproliferative action was also observed with a methanol extract and the human cancer cell lines RD (rhabdomysarcoma) and Hep-2C (laryngeal carcinoma) (IC 50 = 11.3 and 7.2 µg/mL, respectively) [103]. The plant contains numerous alkaloids that can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells.…”