Antipsychotic Drugs: A Concise Review of History, Classification, Indications, Mechanism, Efficacy, Side Effects, Dosing, and Clinical Application

Leucht, Stefan; Priller, Josef; Davis, John M.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240738

AJP

2024

DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20240738

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Antipsychotic Drugs: A Concise Review of History, Classification, Indications, Mechanism, Efficacy, Side Effects, Dosing, and Clinical Application

Stefan Leucht,

Josef Priller,

John M. Davis

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Cited by 3 publications

References 128 publications

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The Overlooked Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Psychiatric Patients: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Implications for Clinical Care

Jacob,

Ocytil,

Brenner

2024

Semin Thromb Hemost

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Psychiatric patients face a significantly shorter life expectancy than the general population due to a complex interplay of medical, behavioral, and social factors. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), encompassing both pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, is an underrecognized yet critical contributor to morbidity and mortality in this population. Evidence suggests a two to three times higher prevalence of VTE in psychiatric patients compared to the general population, with incidence rates up to 4.5 per 1,000 person-years. This elevated risk is attributed to a hypercoagulable-hypofibrinolytic state. It is influenced by metabolic abnormalities, pro-inflammatory pathways, antipsychotic medications, and genetic factors. Health care biases and reduced treatment compliance further exacerbate the burden. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and mechanistic underpinnings of VTE in psychiatric populations, emphasizing the role of metabolic syndrome and antipsychotic therapy. To mitigate mortality and enhance outcomes for these high-risk individuals, it is imperative to address this issue through improved risk stratification and preventive strategies.

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The Overlooked Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Psychiatric Patients: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Implications for Clinical Care

Jacob,

Ocytil,

Brenner

2024

Semin Thromb Hemost

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Psychosis

Kalin

2024

AJP

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Overview of Novel Antipsychotic Drugs: State of the Art, New Mechanisms, and Clinical Aspects of Promising Compounds

Biso,

Carli,

Scarselli

et al. 2025

Biomedicines

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Antipsychotic medications are a vast class of drugs used for the treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Although numerous compounds have been developed since their introduction in the 1950s, several patients do not adequately respond to current treatments, or they develop adverse reactions that cause treatment discontinuation. Moreover, in the past few decades, discoveries in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders have opened the way for experimenting with novel compounds that have alternative mechanisms of action, with some of them showing promising results in early trials. The scope of this review was to summarize the novel antipsychotics developed, their current experimental status, and their mechanisms of action. In particular, we analyzed the main classes of investigational antipsychotics, such as monoamine, glutamate, acetylcholine, cannabinoid receptor modulators, enzyme inhibitors, ion channel modulators, and mixed receptor modulators. In addition, the safety profiles and adverse effects of these drugs were carefully evaluated, considering the relevance of these aspects for patients’ drug adherence and quality of life, especially in the long-term treatment. Lastly, we tried to understand which compounds have greater potential to be approved by the principal drug regulatory agencies in the next years and if they could be used for diseases other than psychotic disorders.

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Antipsychotic Drugs: A Concise Review of History, Classification, Indications, Mechanism, Efficacy, Side Effects, Dosing, and Clinical Application

Cited by 3 publications

References 128 publications

The Overlooked Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Psychiatric Patients: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Implications for Clinical Care

The Overlooked Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Psychiatric Patients: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Implications for Clinical Care

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Psychosis

Overview of Novel Antipsychotic Drugs: State of the Art, New Mechanisms, and Clinical Aspects of Promising Compounds

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