Antipyrine Space Studies and Cell Water Estimates in Infants of Low Birth Weight

Cassady, George; Milstead, Rachel R

doi:10.1203/00006450-197112000-00004

Cited by 44 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Determination of the specific gravity of the body [42] is not feasible in infants. Calculation of the fat content from measurements of body weight and extracellular water space implies a constant relation between extracellular space and lean body mass [37,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], but present measurements in neonates do not support this assertion [13]. Assessment of subcutaneous thickness by x-ray [27], electrical conductivity [2-51, and ultrasound [5] do not differentiate between fat and interstitial fluid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 44%

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A Noninvasive Approach to Body Composition in the Neonate: Dynamic Skinfold Measurements

et al. 1974

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ExtractMidtricipital (MT) and subscapular (SS) skinfolds were measured within 24 hr of birth in 23 normally grown mature (NG-M) ; 23 normally grown premature (NG-P) ; 6 intrauterine growth-retarded mature (IGR-M); and 7 intrauterine growth-retarded premature (IGR-P) infants. A rapid initial decrease in measured skinfold thickness (SFT) occurred after application of a Harpenden caliper, but readings stabilized by 60 s (SFTGO). Measurements were recorded at 15 and 60 s. The difference between 15-and 60-s readings was expressed in percentage of the 15-s reading (percentage ASFT) .The amount of subcutaneous fat, estimated from the SFTGO measurements, was affected by duration of gestation in the NG-M and NG-P and the IGR-M and IGR-P groups. In both NG groups, good linear correlations with birth weight (r = 0.852 at M T and 0.874 at SS, P < 0.001) and with gestational age (r = 0.842 at M T and r = 0.804 at SS, p < 0.001) were evident. Values for intrauterine growth-retarded infants deviated markedly from the mean SFTGO expected for their gestational age.Percentage ASFT was affected by duration of maturation but not by impaired intrauterine growth. I t correlated with gestational age (r = -0.777 at MT and -0.773 at SS, P < 0.001) and with maximal postnatal weight loss (r = 0.579 at M T and 0.553 at SS, P < 0.001) in all groups and with birth weight in the premature groups only (r = -0.479 at M T and -0.520 at SS, P < 0.01). The similarity of these trends with those of direct extracellular water measurements suggested that percentage ASFT may be an estimate of subcutaneous interstitial water. SpeculationChanges in body composition during fetal life include fat deposition in the subcutaneous and internal body stores and a decrease in the proportion of body weight occupied by water. Intrauterine growth retardation results in lower fat stores and expansion of all body water compartments. The present data suggest that skinfold thickness recorded 60 s after caliper application and the difference between the 15-and 60-s readings provide estimates of fat stores and subcutaneous interstitial water, respectively. Caliper skinfold measurements can therefore be used for noninvasive studies of perinatal body composition and nutrition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…Previous studies from this laboratory have dealt with changes in body water compartments [ll-131, but lack of precise information on the amount of adipose tissue hampered further interpretation of the data in terms of lean body mass [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Noninvasive Approach to Body Composition in the Neonate: Dynamic Skinfold Measurements

et al. 1974

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“…The most striking result was the increase in threshold body temperature for sweating in small for date infants. This shift may be due to: (i) physical characteristics of the skin [11]; (2) dehydration, although it has been recently suggested that the extracellular space of the small for date infants is expanded if it is expressed as percentage of the body weight [9,10]; (3) chronic hypoxia as a consequence of the chronic fetal distress [20].…”

Section: Sweatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Balance of the Newborn Infant in a Heat-gaining Environment

1973

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ExtractThe thermal balance of 22 full term, 9 small for date, and 8 large premature infants was studied by gradient layer direct calorimetry on the 1st day of life. In addition, the influence of muscular activity on the ability to sweat of 8 full term infants was investigated. The same measurements were repeated in 20 infants on the 3rd day of life.All i nfants were subjected to the same experimental conditions: ambient temperature 37°, restive humidity 50%, and air flow 30 liters/min.It was demonstrated that the evaporation of water was the primary way to dissipate heat in a heat-gaining environment. Active thermoregulatory sweating was elicited at deep body temperatures of 37.45°, 37.8°, and 37.76° in the full term, small for date, and premature infants, respectively.The set-point temperature of sweating tended to be lower with increasing gestational and postnatal age, and with vigorous muscular activity. The physiologic weight loss of about 3%, and the intrauterine growth retardation resulted in significant increase in this threshold temperature.The maximal sweat rate of the premature infants (1.43 W/kg) was significantly lower than that of the full term (1.81 W/kg) and small for date infants (2.32 W/kg): P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.Heat loss by radiation and convection was directly related to the mean skin temperature; it was only when the latter reached the value of 37° that radiative plus convective heat loss became positive.There was a close inverse relation between the total heat loss and heat storage. After the beginning of sweating, the heat storage of full term and small for date infants sharply decreased and stabilized around 0, which showed that a new thermal steady state was reached. The premature infant was not able to reach this new equilibrium and the heat storage remained positive.The full term and small for date infants could keep the body temperature at a steady level of 37.66° and 37.98°, respectively, whereas the esophageal temperature of the premature infants kept on increasing.The cutaneous thermal conductance, an indicator of the heat-transferring blood flow, was at first negative, which showed that heat was transferred from the surface to the core. Later, before the evaporative heat loss, it increased and reached the maximal value at a body temperature of 37.6° in the normal, and of 37.9° in both the small for date and premature groups.The metabolic rate for the small for date and premature infants was significantly higher than that for the full term infants, and it directly related to the deep body temperature in each group. Neonatal thermal balance 889In the new thermal equilibrium, the metabolic rate of the full term infants was about 20% lower than that measured under neutral ambient conditions. We suggest that the term "neutral thermal environment" must be reconsidered. SpeculationA new method, gradient layer direct calorimetry, gave us the opportunity to measure directly the different heat losses of the neonate under well controlled experimental conditions, and to compare thes...

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“…All these values are much less than the figure obtained All infants lost weight after birth. This is in part due to the negative nitrogen balance associated with the undernutrition that follows birth (4) and in part to changes in body water (7). When Ckg-' day-') using formulae.…”

Section: Protein Turnovermentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Metabolism in Preterm Infants Fed Human Donor Breast Milk: the Possible Essentiality of Glycine

et al. 1981

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SummaryNitrogen metabolism was studied in three preterm infants (mean gestation 32 wk) by the method of consecutive metabolic balance. The absorption and retention of nitrogen from breast milk was measured, and protein turnover, synthesis, and breakdown were calculated from isotopic plateau of urinary urea and ammonia using an intermittent oral administration of "N-glycine. Weight gain and nitrogen retention were compared with the weight gain and nitrogen accumulated for a foetus of equivalent gestational age in utero.The average composition of the milk was 289 + 19 K J dl-' and 1.44 + 24 g protein dl-'. The intake of energy was 572 + 61 KJ kg-' day -' and of nitrogen 447 + 99 mg kg-' day-'. Stool output of nitrogen was 100 + 32 mg kg-' day-' giving an absorption of 348 + 78 mg kg-' day-', as urinary excretion was 91 + 17 mg kg-' day-' retained nitrogen was 256 2 71 mg kg-' day-', or 56% of intake.The specific weight gain was 15.6 5 2.6 g kg-' day-' and 53% of this comprised lean tissue (range 34 to 89%). In all but one study the postnatal retention of nitrogen fell far short of calculated in utero accumulation.The results of protein turnover were surprising. In six of the eight studies urinary urea failed to become enriched at all. Protein turnover calculated from the ammonia plateau was 1.94

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Antipyrine Space Studies and Cell Water Estimates in Infants of Low Birth Weight

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

A Noninvasive Approach to Body Composition in the Neonate: Dynamic Skinfold Measurements

A Noninvasive Approach to Body Composition in the Neonate: Dynamic Skinfold Measurements

Thermal Balance of the Newborn Infant in a Heat-gaining Environment

Nitrogen Metabolism in Preterm Infants Fed Human Donor Breast Milk: the Possible Essentiality of Glycine

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