Antireflective mesoporous silica coatings by optimization of water content in acid-catalyzed sol-gel method for application in glass covers of concentrated photovoltaic modules

Abstract

Porous silica layers with outstanding antireflective properties have been prepared by acid-catalyzed sol-gel process in presence of organic phases as structure directing agents (SDA) and excess water, with the aim of offering a cost-competitive, easy up-scaling and high efficiency process that contributes to reduce current levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of concentrating photovoltaics (CPV). The process has been optimized by controlling the water/alkoxide ratio, which is an important structure-regulating tool, having a strong influence in the structural properties of sol-gel synthesized materials. Hydrolysis of the inorganic precursor has been accomplished in high water/alkoxide conditions and in the presence of SDAs. Evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) during coating deposition and the scanning of four types of SDAs have permitted to select the coating that fulfilled specific thickness and refractive index values with, in parallel, excellent results on sol stability. The final optimization has produced mesoporous coatings with ∼9 nm mean pore size, leading to an enhancement in transmittance up to 7.4% over bare glass in the 300-1500 nm wavelength range. The transmittance spectra have been used as inputs for the theoretical calculation of the short-circuit current density of a commercially available multijunction solar cell for CPV applications.

[Retracted] Optimization of Water Microbial Concentration Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things

“…For this reason, food safety issues are a key concern in countries around the world, including the United Nations Agrifood Organization and the World Health Organization. With the development of global economic integration, countries and regions are closely linked, and if a food safety incident occurs in one country or region, it will have a negative impact on the food safety of imports and exports in other countries [12]. e United States, South Korea, Japan, Norway, and other countries have made some progress in microbial safety assessment after continuous exploration and research to find the corresponding assessment methods, while China is compared with developed countries, whether from the safety management of microorganisms or laws and regulations and safety determination; there is a very large deficiency [13].…”

Sol Gel : Principle and Technique (A Review)

“…Dalam pembuatan material (49) terdapat beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan, salah satunya adalah dengan metode sol gel (14; 50-54). Metode sol gel ini banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan keramik(2; 4; 6; 16; 55-66) dan material gelas (67)(68)(69). Dengan menggunakan metode sol gel ini akan memungkinkan membentuk ukuran partikel skala nano (70)(71)(72)(73)(74) sekaligus membentuk penampakan morfologi yang homogen (1; 75).…”

Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Modified Oil Palm Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composite via Multi-Objective Optimization of In Situ Silica Sol-Gel Synthesis

“…Moreover, an in situ silica sol-gel has been used as an effective filler to reduce the void content of lignocellulosic fibers, which favor high performance polymeric composites [ 24 , 33 ]. During a complete hydrolysis of TEOS, a network formation of hydrolyzed monomers and siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) would occur and breaks down to produce silica sol-gel as the main product [ 34 ]. A complete in situ synthesis of silica sol-gel could be achieved by using an excess water and/or the use of chemical catalysts such as butylamine, fluoride, and ammonium hydroxide [ 32 , 34 ].…”