Antiscale magnetic pretreatment of reverse osmosis feedwater

Water purification using magnetic assistance: A review

“…In case of boilers, heat exchangers and pipelines, the salt deposition leads to damage of equipment with time. Table 2 lists some of the work reported in the area of anti-scale magnetic treatment [72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82]. The most common constituents of scale are CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O and silica, while other potential scaling species are BaSO 4 , SrSO 4 , Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and ferric and aluminum hydroxides.…”

Water reuse: >90% water yield in MBR/RO through concentrate recycling and CO2 addition as scaling control

“…It is mostly countered by adding sulfuric acids, hydrochloric acids or anti-scalants prior to RO (Baker et al, 1997;Ning and Netwig, 2002). In the present study, CO 2 addition is used instead of sulfuric acid and the lowering of pH results in a reduction of CO 2À 3 concentration (in spite of the increase of total inorganic carbon species), and thus a lower saturation index for the carbonate precipitates.…”

Control over nanocrystalization in turbulent flow in the presence of magnetic fields

“…This can also be harmful to the health of humans, if such water is used as drinking water. A satisfactory explanation of the scaling process under various conditions is not available yet in the literature [1][2][3][4][5]. However, it is obvious that a thorough understanding of the scaling process in the presence of magnetic fields should involve a description of the physical processes, which influences the nucleation of the calcium carbonate in the early stages of the formation of the crystals.…”