Antithrombotic drugs and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the general population

Abstract

Aspirin is not associated with a risk of ICH compared with no therapy. Chronic low-dose aspirin treatment may have a protective effect on the risk of SAH. Warfarin users in this study cohort were at a much higher risk of ICH than those receiving no therapy, with a marked association with international normalized ratio >3.

Antihypertensive drugs decrease risk of Alzheimer disease: Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study

“…In addition, blood pressure was measured at each visit. 1 Within the limits of secondary data analysis, our results support the possible benefits of antihypertensive medications in addition to the blood pressurelowering effect on the risk of AD. Our study confirms existing data, such as the study by Godin et al, 2 which examined white matter disease progression in participants with normal cognition.…”

“…Lalit Kalra, London: Yasar et al 1 based their article on a secondary analysis of incidental data collected during a published clinical trial on the use of ginkgo biloba to reduce the incidence of dementia. 2 The authors found that diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, reduced the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) independent of-or in addition to-mean systolic blood pressure in participants with normal cognition.…”

Review of Cerebral Aneurysm Formation, Growth, and Rupture

“…Bringing confirmation to the work of Hasan et al 34 is a recently published study from Europe that showed that chronic low dose aspirin therapy has a protective effect against SAH and does not increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. 36 Furthermore, there was a particularly pronounced trend toward decreased risk of SAH among those on long-term aspirin therapy (>3 years). Collectively, these data suggest that aspirin may be a serious noninvasive strategy for prevention of SAH.…”

“…Building on this work, the same group reported that ruptured aneurysms have higher immunohistochemical staining for cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1, thus concluding that the protective effect of aspirin against rupture of CAs is mediated in part by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2/microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1. 28 Indeed, in a trial comparing 5 patients treated with ASA and 5 other control patients, the expression of macrophages and 34,36 Statins (human studies) 37 Nuclear factor-κB decoy ODN (rats) 38 Valsartan (rats) 39 Pravastatin, low dose (rats) 40 Pravastatin, high dose induces aneurysm formation (rats) 40 Simvastatin (rats) 41 Simvastatin (rats) 40 Infliximab (TNF-α inhibitor; rats) 24 Clodronate liposomes (deplete circulating monocytes; rabbits) 42 MMP inhibitor (Tolylsam; rats) 4 MCP-1 inhibitor (7ND; rats) 6 Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (Ibudilast; rats) 43 Cathepsin inhibitor (NC-2300; rats) 44 Mast cell degranulation inhibitor (Tranilast, emedastine difumarate; rats) 19 Free radical scavenger (Edaravone; rats) 30 Doxycycline (MMPs inhibitor; rabbits) 42 MCP-1 indicates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; and TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.…”

Aspirin and intracerebral hemorrhage

“…12 The results of 6 meta-analyses involving more than 300,000 patients over an 8-year time span allow a more precise estimate of the true risk of ICH associated with ASA. 13 A reasonable estimate of that risk is 0.2 events per 1,000 patient-years, which translates into 1 ICH among 1,000 people treated with ASA over 5 years.…”