Antivaccinial Gamma-Globulin in Smallpox Prophylaxis

Peirce, E. R.; Melville, F. S.; Downie, A. W.; Duckworth, Marjorie J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(58)90351-9

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Although T cells are likely to play a role in protection, studies in nonhuman primates challenged with the closely related orthopoxvirus, monkeypox, have shown that virus-specific antibody is both necessary and sufficient for protection against lethal infection (11). These results are further supported by clinical experience during smallpox outbreaks in which administration of neutralizing antibodies can aid in preventing smallpox or reducing symptoms if administered prior to exposure (8,22,23,25,30) or can provide therapeutic benefit and protect against lethal smallpox infection if given shortly after symptom onset (8,33). In the studies described here, VAR was not used to measure T-cell or antibody responses but, if similar to VOL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Antiviral Immunity following Smallpox Virus Infection: a Case-Control Study

Hammarlund¹,

Lewis²,

Hanifin³

et al. 2010

J Virol

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Outbreaks of smallpox (i.e., caused by variola virus) resulted in up to 30% mortality, but those who survived smallpox infection were regarded as immune for life. Early studies described the levels of neutralizing antibodies induced after infection, but smallpox was eradicated before contemporary methods for quantifying T-cell memory were developed. To better understand the levels and duration of immunity after smallpox infection, we performed a case-control study comparing antiviral CD4؉ and CD8 ؉ T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody levels of 24 smallpox survivors with the antiviral immunity observed in 60 smallpoxvaccinated (i.e., vaccinia virus-immune) control subjects. We found that the duration of immunity following smallpox infection was remarkably similar to that observed after smallpox vaccination, with antiviral T-cell responses that declined slowly over time and antiviral antibody responses that remained stable for decades after recovery from infection. These results indicate that severe, potentially life-threatening disease is not required for the development of sustainable long-term immunity. This study shows that the levels of immunity induced following smallpox vaccination are comparable in magnitude to that achieved through natural variola virus infection, and this may explain the notable success of vaccination in eradicating smallpox, one of the world's most lethal diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Antiviral Immunity following Smallpox Virus Infection: a Case-Control Study

Hammarlund¹,

Lewis²,

Hanifin³

et al. 2010

J Virol

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“…In humans, application of vaccinia immunoglobulin reduces the spreading of smallpox virus infection, when administered simulataneously with the vaccine to contacts (Amanna et al, 2006), and also reduces disease severity (Peirce et al, 1958). High neutralizing antibody titers are associated with protective immunity against acutely cytopathic smallpox infection, although there is no simple correlation between stable antibody titers and T cell memory (Crotty et al, 2003;Hammarlund et al, 2005).…”

Section: B Cells Provide Several Lines Of Antiviral Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Antibodies and B Cell Memory in Viral Immunity

2007

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Humoral immunity, in particular secreted neutralizing antibodies, is of central importance to protect the body against acutely cytopathic viruses, whereas noncytopathic viruses have found ways of balanced coexistence with the immune system to avoid antibody-mediated elimination. There is evidence that polyspecific "natural" antibodies provide early protection, independent of T cell help. If that line of defense is crossed, T cell-dependent immune responses then generate a humoral memory provided by long-lived plasma cells secreting specific antibodies of adapted avidity and function, i.e., isotype, even in the absence of virus. Secreted protective antibodies of humoral memory provide an efficient line of defense against reinfection and are backed up by specific B and T memory cells of reactive memory. Whereas humoral memory has developed effective antiviral protection, some viruses (i.e., HIV) have managed to develop specific evasion strategies to escape it. Thus, coevolution provides us with some insight into just how substantial antiviral antibodies and memory B cell are in protecting the host from virus infection.

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“…In previously vaccinated human subjects who later contracted smallpox, 2/6 individuals (33%) with low antibody titers (<70% neutralization of smallpox) within 8 days of onset of smallpox symptoms eventually died of complications, whereas only 1/18 (5.6%) with high antibody titers (>70% neutralization) within 8 days of onset of symptoms later succumbed to the disease [71]. Adoptive transfer of neutralizing poxvirus-specific antibody is highly protective in animal models [59 ,72-74] and in humans who are subsequently exposed to smallpox [75][76][77][78][79]. Perhaps the most impressive proof of the effectiveness of passive immunotherapy against smallpox was demonstrated by Couzi and Kircher in 1941 [75].…”

Section: Duration and Mechanisms Of Protective Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological memory to viral infection

Slifka¹

2004

Current Opinion in Immunology

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Antivaccinial Gamma-Globulin in Smallpox Prophylaxis

Cited by 21 publications

References 4 publications

Antiviral Immunity following Smallpox Virus Infection: a Case-Control Study

Antiviral Immunity following Smallpox Virus Infection: a Case-Control Study

Antibodies and B Cell Memory in Viral Immunity

Immunological memory to viral infection

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