Antivaccinial Gamma-Globulin in the Control of Smallpox

Hobday, T. L.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)91935-9

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Combined, these two studies showed ~70% reduction in secondary smallpox in groups that received VIG and vaccination when compared to vaccination alone. Similar positive results with VIG were seen in a review [52] that collected a number of case reports of the use of VIG after prolonged exposure to smallpox. In these reports [53-55], all patients were vaccinated after exposure, but given the prolonged exposure times to the cases of smallpox, they were all felt to be beyond the window where therapeutic vaccination would be successful.…”

Section: Vaccinia Immune Globulin (Vig)supporting

confidence: 81%

Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections

Xiao

Isaacs

2010

Viruses

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Despite the eradication of smallpox several decades ago, variola and monkeypox viruses still have the potential to become significant threats to public health. The current licensed live vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccine is extremely effective as a prophylactic vaccine to prevent orthopoxvirus infections, but because of safety issues, it is no longer given as a routine vaccine to the general population. In the event of serious human orthopoxvirus infections, it is important to have treatments available for individual patients as well as their close contacts. The smallpox vaccine and vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) were used in the past as therapeutics for patients exposed to smallpox. VIG was also used in patients who were at high risk of developing complications from smallpox vaccination. Thus post-exposure vaccination and VIG treatments may again become important therapeutic modalities. This paper summarizes some of the historic use of the smallpox vaccine and immunoglobulins in the post-exposure setting in humans and reviews in detail the newer animal studies that address the use of therapeutic vaccines and immunoglobulins in orthopoxvirus infections as well as the development of new therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

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Section: Vaccinia Immune Globulin (Vig)supporting

confidence: 81%

Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections

Xiao

Isaacs

2010

Viruses

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“…While antibodies after vaccination or passive transfer are very effective at protecting mice [14, 17, 18, 43, 44], primates [19, 45], and humans [46-50] [51] against subsequent poxvirus infections, the role of antibodies in control and clearance of a primary VacV immunization is less clear. VacV infection in mice is well under control by the time IgG is present at day 8.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The smallpox vaccine induces an early neutralizing IgM response

Moyron-Quiroz

McCausland

Kageyama

et al. 2009

Vaccine

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The antibody response elicited after immunization with vaccinia virus (VacV) is known to be sufficient to confer host protection against VacV or smallpox. In humans it has been shown that such anti-VacV antibody production can be sustained for decades. Nevertheless, little is known about the kinetics and the role in protection of the early antibody response after vaccination. In this study we identify VacV neutralizing IgM antibodies as early as four days after infection of C57BL/6 mice. Most of this IgM production is T cell dependent and predominantly independent of the germinal center reaction (SAP / SH2D1A independent). Importantly, the IgM neutralized both infectious forms of VacV: the intracellular mature virion (MV, IMV) and the extracellular enveloped virion (EV, EEV). Moreover, in mice primed with MHCII restricted peptides, an increase in the total VacV neutralizing antibody titers was seen, a large component of which was neutralizing IgM against the same protein from which the priming peptide was derived. To further demonstrate the biological relevance of this early neutralizing response, we examined anti-VacV antibodies in humans after vaccination. Human subjects could be divided into two groups early after immunization: IgG hi and IgG lo . VacV IgM neutralizing antibodies were detected in the IgG lo group. Taken together these results indicate that both in a small animal model and in humans an early neutralizing IgM response after VacV immunization is present and likely contributes to control of the infection prior to the development of a robust IgG response.

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“…Previous small-scale studies have demonstrated that smallpox contacts who have neutralising titres above a certain level are subsequently protected against smallpox [10,11]. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated the use of vaccinia immune globulin to prevent smallpox in individuals exposed to patients with smallpox [12,13]. However, it is not known precisely which components of neutralising antibody to vaccinia virus contribute to protective immunity against smallpox.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The persistence of humoral and cellular immunities more than three decades after smallpox vaccination

Kim

Yeo

Park

et al. 2007

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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This study assessed the persistence of humoral (neutralising antibody titre to vaccinia virus) and cellular (immediate vaccinia-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing T-cell) immunities to smallpox in a Korean population. Individuals who were vaccinated 25-60 years previously had higher neutralising antibody titres (geometric mean titre (GMT) 13.7; 95% CI 11.0-17.2) than vaccinia-naive individuals (GMT 6.7; 95% CI 5.5-8.0; p <0.001). However, there was no significant difference in cellular immunity between individuals vaccinated previously and vaccinia-naive individuals, and only 15% of the individuals vaccinated previously displayed an immediate IFN-gamma-producing effector-memory response in ELISPOT assays.

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Antivaccinial Gamma-Globulin in the Control of Smallpox

Cited by 22 publications

References 3 publications

Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections

Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections

The smallpox vaccine induces an early neutralizing IgM response

The persistence of humoral and cellular immunities more than three decades after smallpox vaccination

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