Antiviral Activities of Andrographolide and Its Derivatives: Mechanism of Action and Delivery System

Abstract

Andrographispaniculata (Burm.f.) Nees has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries, especially China, India, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. This herbaceous plant extract contains active compounds with multiple biological activities against various diseases, including the flu, colds, fever, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Several isolated compounds from A. paniculata, such as andrographolide and its analogs, have attracted much interest for their potential treatment against several virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of action in inhibiting viral infections can be categorized into several types, including regulating the viral entry stage, gene replication, and the formation of mature functional proteins. The efficacy of andrographolide as an antiviral candidate was further investigated since the phytoconstituents of A. paniculata exhibit various physicochemical characteristics, including low solubility and low bioavailability. A discussion on the delivery systems of these active compounds could accelerate their development for commercial applications as antiviral drugs. This study critically reviewed the current antiviral development based on andrographolide and its derivative compounds, especially on their mechanism of action as antiviral drugs and drug delivery systems.

Evaluations of Andrographolide-Rich Fractions of Andrographis paniculata with Enhanced Potential Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antihypertensive, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

“…The lactone groups are the cyclic ester of organic acid with the most stable structure; they are five-membered (gamma lactone). They are known to have various biological activities including anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], and are found in andrographolide and its derivatives, including 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, neoandrographolide, and andrograpanin ( Figure 1 ) [ 7 ]. Andrographolide has been widely studied, including, for example, for its potential medicinal value as a drug for various diseases owing to its anticancer [ 8 ], antimicrobial [ 9 , 10 ], antioxidant [ 11 ], anti-inflammatory [ 12 ], antidiabetic [ 13 ], and antiviral [ 14 ] properties.…”

“…Andrographolide has been widely studied, including, for example, for its potential medicinal value as a drug for various diseases owing to its anticancer [ 8 ], antimicrobial [ 9 , 10 ], antioxidant [ 11 ], anti-inflammatory [ 12 ], antidiabetic [ 13 ], and antiviral [ 14 ] properties. Meanwhile, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide has shown antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer [ 7 ] activity. In addition, neoandrographolide is reported to exhibit antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activity [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Antidiabetic effects of Andrographis paniculata supplementation on biochemical parameters, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in canine diabetes

“…Additionally, numerous medicinal plants are reported to have the potential to improve the management of diabetes in humans ( Bindu and Narendhirakannan, 2018 ). A. paniculata , a medicinal plant typically used as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent, has been studied for its possible impact on the management of DM in humans ( Nugroho et al, 2012 ; Dai et al, 2019 ; Adiguna et al, 2021 ; Hossain et al, 2021 ). Andrographolide is a potential bioactive phytochemical in A. paniculata , which possesses antidiabetic properties ( Nugroho et al, 2012 ; Ji et al, 2016 ; Islam, 2017 ; Naik et al, 2017 ; Mehta et al, 2021 ; Syukri et al, 2021 ).…”

Andrographis paniculata extract as an immunity modulator against cancer via telomerase inhibition

“…Several reviews (Lim et al 2021 ; Adiguna et al 2021 ) and research papers (Sa-ngiamsuntorn et al 2021 ; Enmozhi et al 2021 ; Verma et al 2021 ; Rehan et al 2021 ) have regarded A. paniculata extract and andrographolide as a potential remedy for SARS-CoV-2. Briefly, post-infection treatment of A. paniculata ethanol extract and andrographolide in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells significantly repressed the production of infectious virions with an IC 50 of 0.036 μg/mL and 0.034 μM, respectively, as determined by the plaque assay (Sa-ngiamsuntorn et al 2021 ).…”