Antiviral Activity of 1-Adamantanamine (Amantadine)

Abstract

I-Adamantanamine (amantadine) causes a selective, reproducible, dose-related inhibition of influenza infections in tissue culture, chick embryos, and mice. The compound is not virucidal and appears to act by interfering with the penetration of the host cell by the virus. In influenza infections of mice, greatest efficacy occurs with treatment at the time of infection; however, there is significant antiviral activity with treatment delayed up to 72 hours after infection. Virus inhibition is not complete and survivors are immune to a challenge infection with the original infecting virus.

Crystal structure of 5-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-[(4-chloroanilino)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione, C19H22ClN3OS

“…Several adamantane derivatives are currently used as e cient therapies against in uenza [3][4][5], herpes simplex [6] and HIV [7][8][9] viruses. In addition, numerous adamantane derivatives were reported to exhibit marked anticancer [10,11], antibacterial [12][13][14][15] and antifungal [16] activities.…”

Flu channel drug resistance: a tale of two sites

“…Channel recording of AM2 in whole cells and reconstituted liposomes showed proton specific conductance that is activated by low pH (Pinto et al, 1992;Lin and Schroeder, 2001;Moffat et al, 2008;Pielak et al, 2009). The conductance of the wild type (WT) AM2 is inhibited by amantadine and rimantadine, which were the first effective drugs licensed for influenza treatment (Davies et al, 1964). The drug resistant variants of AM2 are, however, widespread, making these two drugs essentially useless today (Bright et al, 2006).…”

Existing Influenza Antivirals: Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential in the Face of Avian Influenza

“…12 As indicated in Fig. 1.2 amantadine blocks, within the endosomes, the migration of H + ions (protons) into the interior of the virus particles (virions), a process that is needed for the uncoating to occur.…”