Antiviral activity of nano-monocaprin against Phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic involving SARS-CoV-2 has raised interest in using antimicrobial lipid formulations to inhibit viral entry into their host cells or to inactivate them. Lipids are a part of the innate defense mechanism against pathogens. Here, we evaluated the use of nano-monocaprin (NMC) in inhibiting enveloped (phi6) and unenveloped (MS2) bacteriophages. NMC was prepared using the sonochemistry technique. Size and morphology analysis revealed the formation of ~ 8.4 ± 0.2-nm NMC as measured by dynamic light scattering. We compared the antiviral activity of NMC with molecular monocaprin (MMC) at 0.5 mM and 2 mM concentrations against phi6, which we used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. The synthesized NMC exhibited 50% higher antiviral activity against phi6 than MMC at pH 7 using plaque assay. NMC inactivated phi6 stronger at pH 4 than at pH 7. To determine if NMC is toxic to mammalian cells, we used MTS assay to assess its IC 50 for HPDE and HeLa cell lines, which were ~ 203 and 221 µM, respectively. NMC may be used for prophylactic application either as a drop or spray since many viruses enter the human body through the mucosal lining of the nose, eyes, and lungs.

Evaluating the Performance of UV Disinfection across the 222–365 nm Spectrum against Aerosolized Bacteria and Viruses

“…P22 is a tailed, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bacteriophage and is used as a surrogate for non-enveloped DNA viruses such as adenovirus. , Phi6 is an enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that features an icosahedral capsid and spiked proteins on its envelope. It exhibits structural and size resemblances, measuring approximately 80 to 100 nm, to human coronaviruses. , In the literature, Phi6 has been recognized as a safe and practical surrogate for studying pathogenic enveloped viruses . Detailed methods for the preparation and quantification of these bacteria and viruses are presented in the supporting information (Text S1).…”

“…32,33 In the literature, Phi6 has been recognized as a safe and practical surrogate for studying pathogenic enveloped viruses. 34 Detailed methods for the preparation and quantification of these bacteria and viruses are presented in the supporting information (Text S1).…”

Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: Unveiling Innovative Approaches for Enhanced Drug Efficacy

“… Antiviral Mechanism of Action Structure Type of Modification Objective Ref 1. Monocarpin Class: Nucleoside analog Mechanism of action: Prevents virus DNA synthesis Nanoparticle Enhance solubility and effectiveness [ 15 ] 2. Zinc Oxide Immunomodulator and potential antiviral effects by inhibiting virus replication, possibly through interference with viral entry or replication processes.…”

“…Since many viruses enter the human body through the mucosal lining of the nose, eyes, and lungs, NMC may be applied as a prophylactic drop or spray. 15 …”

“…[10][11][12] Currently, there is an absence of comprehensive literature evaluations that systematically analyze, summarize, and compare various approaches within this research domain. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Based on these considerations, the authors are motivated to write an article review on the current developments of antiviral drugs aimed at resolving physicochemical problems and improving their efficacy. This review will provide information for the basic and primary consideration of future drug design and development to enhance the available treatment of viral infections.…”