Antiviral activity of silymarin against Mayaro virus and protective effect in virus-induced oxidative stress

Camini, Fernanda Caetano; Silva, Tales Fernando da; Caetano, Camila Carla da Silva; Almeida, Letícia Trindade; Ferraz, Ariane Coelho; Vitoreti, Verônica Maria Alves; Silva, Breno de Mello; Silva, Silvana de Queiroz; Magalhães, José Carlos de; Magalhães, Cíntia Lopes de Brito

doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.023

Cited by 57 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Naringenin, a flavanone, also possessed antiviral activities against HCV [28], DENV-2, DENV-4 [29] and CHIKV [30] by replication inhibition at RNA and protein levels. Other flavonoid such as silymarin which has a broad-spectrum antiviral activity [31][32][33] was able to block entry and fusion of HCV viral pseudo-particles (pp) when Huh-7.5 cells were pre-treated with silymarin [34]. Moreover, it was shown to interfere with the replication process of DEN-V, CHIKV and influenza A virus [35][36][37].…”

Section: Flavonoids Against Non-picornavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents for Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)

Lalani

Poh

2020

Viruses

159

101

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Flavonoids are natural biomolecules that are known to be effective antivirals. These biomolecules can act at different stages of viral infection, particularly at the molecular level to inhibit viral growth. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), a non-enveloped RNA virus, is one of the causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which is prevalent in Asia. Despite much effort, no clinically approved antiviral treatment is available for children suffering from HFMD. Flavonoids from plants serve as a vast reservoir of therapeutically active constituents that have been explored as potential antiviral candidates against RNA and DNA viruses. Here, we reviewed flavonoids as evidence-based natural sources of antivirals against non-picornaviruses and picornaviruses. The detailed molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of EV-A71 infections are discussed.

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Section: Flavonoids Against Non-picornavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents for Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)

Lalani

Poh

2020

Viruses

159

101

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“…In addition to the aforementioned flavonoids, silymarin and baicalein were previously reported to have antiviral effects against other viruses. For instance, several studies have demonstrated that silymarin exhibited antiviral activities against HCV, mayaro virus and CHIKV [10,11,25]. Similarly, baicalein demonstrated inhibitory activities against dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and influenza virus [7,19,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral activity of silymarin in comparison with baicalein against EV-A71

Lalani

Anasir

Poh

2020

BMC Complement Med Ther

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Background: The hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a febrile and exanthematous childhood disease mainly caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). In severe HFMD, virulent EV-A71 strains can cause acute flaccid paralysis and cardiopulmonary edema leading to death. Currently, no FDA approved antiviral treatment or vaccine is available for EV-A71. Flavonoids such as silymarin and baicalein are known to possess in vitro antiviral properties against viruses. In this study, the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of silymarin, baicalein and baicalin were investigated. Methods: The cytotoxic effects of three flavonoids towards rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were first examined using cell proliferation MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay. Compounds found to be non-cytotoxic in RD cells were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral properties against the EV-A71 subgenotype B4 strain 41 (5865/SIN/000009) using antiviral assays. Viral infectivity was determined by reduction of the formation of plaques in RD cells. For the measurement of RNA copy number, the real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used. The most potent compound was further evaluated to determine the mode of action of inhibition by time course, virus attachment and entry assays in Vero cells. Results: Silymarin was shown to exert direct extracellular virucidal effects against EV-A71 at 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 15.2 ± 3.53 μg/mL with SI of 10.53. Similarly, baicalein exhibited direct extracellular virucidal effects against EV-A71 at a higher IC 50 value of 30.88 ± 5.50 μg/mL with SI of 13.64. Besides virucidal activity, silymarin was shown to block both viral attachment and entry of EV-A71 to inhibit infection in Vero cells. Conclusions: Silymarin has a stronger inhibition activity against EV-A71 in comparison to baicalein. It could serve as a promising antiviral drug to treat EV-A71 infections.

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“…* can be projected for prevention of COVID Baicalein, Chrysin, Oro-xylin-A and its glycosides ( Lalou et al, 2013 ) Flavonoids and their glycosides Oroxylum indicum Furin Proprotein Convertase Furin inhibitor (Proprotein Convertase) Inhibit the tumor cell proliferation Celastrol (Shao et al ., 2015) Pentacyclic triterpeneof quinone methides. Tripterygium wilfordii, Celastrus regelii Prostate cancer TMPRSS2 inhibition followed by blocking of Androgen receptor Inhibition of prostate cancer growth * can be projected for COVID prevention Plant Lectin (Keyaerts et al ., 2015) Glycoprotein Allium sativum, Lycoris radiata Host cell ACE2 ACE2 binding of SARS-CoV-1 to inhibit the virus entry into host cells SARS-CoV-1 Ursolic acid (Chiang et al ., 2005) Pentacyclic triterpenoid Ocimum sanctum CD4 receptor Inhibit Protease, gp120-CD4 binding & entry; also immunomodulation against virus HIV, Coxa- kivirus B1, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Acetyl-11-keto- boswellic acid (Von et al ., 2016 Pentacyclic terpenoid Boswellia serrata Specific host cell receptor in connection to virus entry, Able to block CHIKV at cell entry to Inhibit chikungunya and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections CHIKV, VSV May try for blocking interaction and attachment of SARS-COV-2 with host cell membrane Cepharanthine (Keyaerts et al ., 2013) Bisbenzyliso-quinoline Stephania cephalantha or other species Specific host cell receptor in connection to virus entry, not yet recruited Protease inhibitor, Antiinflammatory, antiviral immunomodulatory, anti-cancer Cancer, virus Might be used for novel Corona virus Sylimarin ( Dai et al ., 2013 ; Song et al ., 2011) Flavonoids Milk thistle ( Silybum marianum ) Specific host cell receptor in connection to virus entry, not yet recruited Viral RNA synthesis inhibitor and Influenza virus replication Anti-Influenza and Anti-CHKV ( Lani et al , 2015 ) and anti-Mayaro Virus activity ( Camini et al ...…”

Section: The Platform Of Hypertension Ace2 Receptor and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytopharmaceuticals mediated Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor blocking: can it be a potential therapeutic option for Covid-19?

et al. 2021

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Currently, novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak creates global panic across the continents, as people from almost all countries and territories have been affected by this highly contagious viral disease. The scenario is deteriorating due to lack of proper & specific target-oriented pharmacologically safe prophylactic agents or drugs, and or any effective vaccine. drug development is urgently required to back in the normalcy in the community and to combat this pandemic. Thus, we have proposed two novel drug targets, Furin and TMPRSS2, as Covid-19 treatment strategy. We have highlighted this target-oriented novel drug delivery strategy, based on their pathophysiological implication on SARS-CoV-2 infection, as evident from earlier SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and influenza virus infection via host cell entry, priming, fusion, and endocytosis. An earlier study suggested that Furin and TMPRSS2 knockout mice had reduced level of viral load and a lower degree of organ damage such as the lung. The present study thus highlights the promise of some selected novel and potential anti-viral Phytopharmaceutical that bind to Furin and TMPRSS2 as target. As, few of them had shown promising anti-viral response in both preclinical and clinical study with acceptable therapeutic safety-index. Hence, this strategy may limit life-threatening Covid-19 infection and its mortality rate through nano-suspension based intra-nasal or oral nebulizer spray, to treat mild to moderate SARS-COV-2 infection, when Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor may initiate to express and activate for processing the virus to cause cellular infection by replication within the host cell.

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Antiviral activity of silymarin against Mayaro virus and protective effect in virus-induced oxidative stress

Cited by 57 publications

References 18 publications

Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents for Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)

Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents for Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)

Antiviral activity of silymarin in comparison with baicalein against EV-A71

Phytopharmaceuticals mediated Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor blocking: can it be a potential therapeutic option for Covid-19?

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