Antiviral and ROS scavenging potential of Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava leaves extract against HIV-1 infection

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy is the only treatment option for HIV-infected patients; however, it has certain drawbacks in terms of developing multiple toxic side effects. Thus, there is a continuous need to explore safe and efficacious anti-retroviral agents. Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava are known for their various biological activities. In this study, we characterized the bioactive fractions of methanolic leaves extract from both plants using the High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI–MS) technique, followed by the investigation of their potential as anti-HIV-1 and antioxidant agents through in vitro mechanistic assays. The anti-HIV-1 activity was examined in TZM-bl cells through luciferase gene assay against two different clades of HIV-1 strains, whereas the intracellular ROS generation was analyzed by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. Additionally, the mechanisms of action of these phyto-extracts were determined through the Time-of-addition assay. The characterization of Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava leaves extract through HR-ESI–MS fragmentation showed high enrichment of various alkaloids, glycosides, lipids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and fatty acids like bioactive constituents. Both the phyto-extracts were found to be less toxic and exhibited potent antiviral activity against HIV-1 strains. Furthermore, the phyto-extracts also showed a decreased intracellular ROS in HIV-1 infected cells due to their high antioxidant potential. Overall, our study suggests the anti-HIV-1 potential of Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava leaves extract due to the synergistic action of multiple bioactive constituents.

Role of diosgenin extracted from Helicteres isora L in suppression of HIV-1 replication: An in vitro preclinical study

“…The inhibition of HIV-1 Protease is a key focus in the development of HIV treatments, and recent studies have shown that phytomolecule may be effective inhibitors of this enzyme [ [31] , [32] , [33] ]. In these study, the in silico molecular docking simulations analysis revealed diosgenin as a lead phytomolecule that established two hydrogen bonds with Asp29 and Asp30 and many hydrophobic interactions with Gly48, Gly49, Ile50, Gly52, Phe53, Pro79, Thr80, Pro81 and Pi-alkyl contact with Ala28, Val32, Ile47, Ile54, Ile84 residues available in the active site binding pocket of HIV-1 Protease ( Fig.…”

“…A reference compound, standard diosgenin (Sigma Aldrich, MO, USA) were tested in each set of experiments for the comparative study. The methodology for these experiments was adopted from our earlier research work on this topic, with minor changes in the experimental setup [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] ].…”

Phenolic and Metabolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities, Glycemic Control, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Three Thai Papaya Cultivar Leaves

“…Metabolic compounds are precursors to the synthesis of secondary metabolites, which are essential for plant development and stress response [ 25 ]. Jadaun et al [ 49 ] observed a variety of metabolic compounds in Indian PL, including steroids, alkaloids (peptides and amino acids), glycosides, lipids, phenolic compounds (aromatic phenol, quinone, and flavonoids), terpenes, aliphatic compounds (fatty acids, alcohol, saturated, and unsaturated alkenes), and other bioactive compounds. Moreover, Indian papaya seed contained 14 metabolic compounds, including oleic acid, stearic acid, methyl ester, dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid, palmitic acid, and phenol, 2-methoxy-5-prophenyl-(E) [ 49 ].…”

Exploring the therapeutic potential of silver nanocomposition of Catharanthus roseus leaves extract for antimicrobial and antiviral activities: A pilot study

“…The silver nanocomposition prepared from the leaf extract of C. roseus, developed by the Department of Microbiology, Dyanopasak Shikshan Mandal, Parbhani, was evaluated for its anti-HIV-1 activity at the Indian Council of Medical Research -National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (ICMR-NARI), following the standard protocol outlined by Gaikwad et al (2023). The biological activity of AgNP-CR was assessed using high-throughput cell-based mechanistic studies, as previously described (Jadaun et al, 2022;Jadaun et al, 2023).…”