Antiviral Approach to Cytomegalovirus Infection: An Overview of Conventional and Novel Strategies

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus capable of establishing a lifelong persistence in the host through a chronic state of infection and remains an essential global concern due to its distinct life cycle, mutations, and latency. It represents a life-threatening pathogen for immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ transplanted patients, HIV-positive individuals, and hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Multiple antiviral approaches are currently available and administered in order to prevent or manage viral infections in the early stages. However, limitations due to side effects and the onset of antidrug resistance are a hurdle to their efficacy, especially for long-term therapies. Novel antiviral molecules, together with innovative approaches (e.g., genetic editing and RNA interference) are currently in study, with promising results performed in vitro and in vivo. Since HCMV is a virus able to establish latent infection, with a consequential risk of reactivation, infection management could benefit from preventive treatment for critical patients, such as immunocompromised individuals and seronegative pregnant women. This review will provide an overview of conventional antiviral clinical approaches and their mechanisms of action. Additionally, an overview of proposed and developing new molecules is provided, including nucleic-acid-based therapies and immune-mediated approaches.

Cellular Pathophysiology in Zoonotic Transmission of Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) from Animal Host to Human

“…Because cidofovir targets a key aspect of viral replication, it exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various OPXVs. Its primary use is in treating severe infections, especially in cases where other antivirals may be less effective (Bottino et al, 2023).…”