Antiviral Properties of Orthosiphon stamineus Aqueous Extract in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infected Cells

Abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from Orthosiphon stamineus (OS). Extraction was done using different parts of OS. The whole plant except root (WPOS), leaves (LOS) and flowers (FOS) of OS were extracted using aqueous extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of OS extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment and virucidal assay with 100% reduction of HSV-1 plaque at 0.39 mg/ mL in LOS, FOS and WPOS. In pre-treatment assay, 79%, 84% and 97% plaque reduction using the same concentration was observed in FOS, LOS and WPOS, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed that OS aqueous extract has promising potential to be explored as anti-HSV-1 agent regardless of the mode of treatment.

Potential Synergistic Action of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts against Skin Infecting Microorganisms

“…Some plant compounds also directly interact with virus particles and neutralize them. Aloe barbadensis leaves inactivate HSV-1 viruses by disruption of the envelope [136], whereas Orthosiphon stamineus leaves, flowers, and whole plants extracts disintegrate HSV-1 structure [137]. Virucidal mechanisms of action are also proposed for Phyllanthus orbicularis [138] stem and leaves, Allium sativum [139] cloves, Senna podocarpa leaves, Cassia sieberiana aerial parts, Guiera senegalensis aerial parts, Lippia chevalieri aerial parts, Pavetta oblongifolia steams, aerial parts and roots, Piliostigma thonningii aerial parts, Rhamnus glandulosa leaves, Sarcocephalus latifolius roots, and Terminalia macroptera roots extracts [129].…”

Chemical Compound Identification of Two Varieties Cat of Whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus Blume Miq) from In Vitro Culture

“…Water extract of leaves, flowers, and all the plants in addition to the root of the O. aristatus (0.39 mg/ mL) had high antiviral activity observed after normal cells (Vero cells) were inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (post-treatment) with a 100% reduction in HSV-1 plaque. In the pre-treatment test, leaf water extract, flowers, and all parts of plants other than roots showed HSV-1 plaque reduction activity was 79%, 84%, and 97% using the same concentration (Ripim et al, 2018). The chemical content in O. aristatus that has the potential to be antiherpetic is caffeic acid, eugenol, N-transferulolyl tyramine, limonene, β-caryophyllene, beta-pinene, p-cymene (Ikeda et al, 2011;Bourne et al, 1999;Benencia and Courreges, Abstract | The cat's whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus Blume Miq) is empirically used in Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, and Southern Asia as an antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihypertensive anti-inflammatory.…”

Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Callus Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq by Thin Layer Chromatography

“…Introduction T he potential of the O. aristatus plant as a medicinal plant has been widely studied, including as diuretics (Arafat et al, 2008), treatment of gastric disorders (Yuniarto et al, 2017), antidiabetic (Mohamed et al, 2011), antihypertensive (Matsubara et al, 1999), hepatoprotective (Yam et al, 2007;Maheswari et al, 2008), antimicrobial (Ho et al, 2010;Hossain et al, 2008), antioxidants (Alshawsh et al, 2012;Akowuah et al, 2004), anti-epilepsy (Kar et al, 2018), memory enhancer (George et al, 2015), treatment of cardiovascular disorders (Abraika et al, 2012), rheumatoid treatment and osteoarthritis (Adawiyah et al, 2018), anticancer (Pauzi et al, 2018;Halim et al, 2017), antiviral (Ripim et al, 2018;Abdelwahed et al, 2020;Li et al, 2020;Sarkar and Das, 2020;Wondmkun and Mohammed, 2020;Lin et al, 2019;Hsieh et al, 2020;Faramayuda et al, 2021b) and immunomodulatory (Harun et al, 2015;Woottisin et al, 2011;Friedman, 2015;Kim et al, 2008;Takano et al, 2004;Sanbongi et al, 2004;Youn et al, 2003). The pharmacological activity of O. aristatus is inseparable from its main compounds, namely rosmarinic acid, sinensetin, and eupatorin (Guo et al, 2019).…”