Antiviral resistance markers in influenza virus sequences in Mexico, 2000–2017

Abstract

BackgroundInfluenza causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. Genetic variability of influenza viruses generates resistance to antivirals, which are of two types, since they act on two different viral targets: adamantanes, which block the M2 ion channel, and the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors.MethodsIn Mexico, the available studies on the antiviral resistance of circulating influenza strains are scarce, so this work undertook an analysis of the Mexican sequences reported in public gene banks to perform a systematic analysis of the antiviral resistance markers on both M2 and NA. In all, 284 M2 sequences and 423 NA sequences were retrieved from three genetic databases (sequences from 2000 to 2017 were considered).ResultsThe resistance markers to M2 blockers were present in 100% of H1N1 pdm2009, 83.6% of H3N2, and 5.8% of seasonal H1N1 sequences. Two resistance markers conferring resistance to NA inhibitors were present in seasonal H1N1 sequences, H275Y (50.0%) and N70S (33.3%). None of these viruses had both resistance markers, which are associated with oseltamivir resistance. The more frequent resistance marker in H1N1 pdm2009 NA sequences was H275Y, present in 3.6%, while S247N was present in 0.30%. Only one of the resistance-associated markers (Q136K) in NA (1.5%) was present in the analyzed H3N2 sequences, while sequences of influenza B virus did not present resistance markers to NA inhibitors. Some influenza A H1N1 pdm2009 sequences (1.8%) presented resistance markers to both M2 and NA.ConclusionBased on the present analysis, 7.1% of the all serotypes of influenza virus A sequences analyzed in Mexico from 2000 to 2017 have mutations conferring resistance to NA inhibitors. Because of this, and the limited availability of influenza drugs, it is necessary to increase the epidemiological surveillance, including molecular analysis, which will provide data such as the presence of changes associated with antiviral resistance.

Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: another emerging application of nanomedicine

“…Presently, there are only two classes of drugs available against different influenza A strains and subtypes licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): matrix-2 (M2) protein ion channel blockers (such as amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (such as zanamivir and oseltamivir) [7]. However, during the last years, there has been a remarkable increase in the emergence of drug-resistant strains, which have become a major public health concern around the world [8, 9].…”

Five Novel Non-Sialic Acid-Like Scaffolds Inhibit In Vitro H1N1 and H5N2 Neuraminidase Activity of Influenza a Virus

“…In recent years, emerging single or multidrug-resistant strains have threatened the therapeutic achievements. Several mutational changes have been associated with drug resistance [ 15 ]. In 2018, Toledo and coworkers reported a large number of mutations in the primary sequences of NA taken from patient samples in Mexico, which reflects the relatedness between amino acid changes and drug resistance.…”

“…In 2018, Toledo and coworkers reported a large number of mutations in the primary sequences of NA taken from patient samples in Mexico, which reflects the relatedness between amino acid changes and drug resistance. [ 15 ]. One could reason that the particularly inadequate use of oseltamivir in Mexico—without proper medical diagnosis and prescription or professional treatment supervision (pharmaceutical care taking)—could have imposed evolutionary pressure on the influenza A virus population allowing only oseltamivir-resistant strains to survive.…”

Antiviral Effect of the Egyptian Bee Venom (Bv) and Its Fraction (Pla2) on Influenza Virus: In-Vitro Study

“…The accessible investigations on the antiviral resistance of flowing influenza strains are rare, so this work embraced an examination of the sequences announced in public gene banks to play out a deliberate investigation of the antiviral resistance markers on both M2 & NA. Taking all facts together (sequences from 2000 to 2017 were considered), 284 M2 successions and 423 NA arrangements were recovered from three hereditary databases (Toledo-Rueda et al, 2018). Bee venom (BV) contains in any event 18 pharmacologically dynamic parts including melittin (MLT), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and apamin and so forth.…”

“…BV is safe for human medicines portion conditionally and demonstrated to have distinctive mending properties including antibacterial, antiparasitic and antiviral properties. In any case, the antiviral properties of BV have not all around examined (Toledo-Rueda, 2018). Consequently, the potential antiviral properties of BV and its part were involved in wide variety of infections.…”