Antler development was inhibited or stimulated by cryosurgery to periosteum or skin in a central antlerogenic region respectively

Abstract

Antler development is triggered by interactions between antler stem cells resident in the antlerogenic periosteum (AP) and the niche cells in the upper portion of overlying skin mediated by diffusible molecules. These interactive cell populations are interposed by the lower portion of the skin and the subcutaneous loose connective tissue (SLCT). It is known that mechanical deletion of just the central AP (having an area equivalent to the size of a pedicle base) by cutting through the skin and SLCT effectively stimulates the marginal AP to initiate antler development. This study was designed to investigate whether the SLCT layer plays a role in antler development by acting as a physical barrier. The results showed that the marginal AP failed to give rise to an antler after the central AP was cryosurgically destroyed with the preservation of the collagen structure of the SLCT. Furthermore, antler development was significantly advanced when the collagen structures of the skin and SLCT layers were substantially attenuated by repeated sprays with liquid nitrogen while keeping the central AP intact. Therefore, we conclude that the interposing SLCT layer acts as a physical barrier between antler stem cells and the niche cell types, and that timing of antler development is primarily controlled by the permeability of the SLCT layer to the putative interactive diffusible molecules.

High quality repair of osteochondral defects in rats using the extracellular matrix of antler stem cells

“…With regard to the results showing that the repair using antler RMC-ECM were superior to the APC-ECM, we propose that this is related to the developmental stage of the cells at the time of tissue sampling. APCs are the initial antler stem cells responsible for the formation of the deer pedicle and the first antler[ 38 , 39 ]. During pedicle development, activated APCs differentiate initially into osteoblasts to build up bone, and then slowly and gradually switch to differentiate to chondroblasts to form cartilage[ 40 , 41 ].…”

Rodent Model of Muscular Atrophy for Sarcopenia Study

“…[43,44] Skeletal muscle denervation, caused by such problems as traumatic peripheral nerve injury, disease, pharmacologic intervention, and aging (Table 3), diminishes the function leads to immediate muscle atrophy. [14,45,46] Early muscle atrophy could be restored by a timely and appropriate reinnervation occurrence, but without one, myofiber atrophy progresses to irreversible changes in the muscle with muscle fibrosis and myofiber death. [47,48] Denervation is a common phenomenon in an aged NMJ.…”

Morphogenetic Mechanisms in the Cyclic Regeneration of Hair Follicles and Deer Antlers from Stem Cells

“…This is because the removal of the DP fails to stop HF organogenesis or regeneration, as the cells from the remnant outer root sheath and its adherent mesenchymal layer can compensate for this loss [ 53 ]. Likewise, by the removal of the skin overlying the AP [ 2 , 54 ] or enveloping the PP [ 2 ], an antler would still generate/regenerate as cells from the skin wound margin eventually heal the wound and reestablish interactions with the closely associated antlerogenic tissue.…”