“…Anxiety arousal is associated with cognitive disruptions and distractions often associated with self-focused thinking (Eysenck, 1979;Norton & Abbott, 2016), subjective feelings of tension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry (Scatterfield & Feldman, 2014;Leigh, 2015), along with physical reactions such as increasing heart rate, sweaty hands and body, blood flow to large muscles and "butterflies" in the stomach (Spielberger & Reheiser, 2009). More specifically, anxiety in the context of foreign language learning is defined as "the worry and negative emotional reaction aroused when learning or using a second language" (MacIntyre, 1999, p. 27).…”